基于极性有机化合物整合采样器的水环境有机污染物测定

王立阳; 刘瑞霞; 袁鹏; 刘晓玲; 周友亚; 高红杰

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202105029

基于极性有机化合物整合采样器的水环境有机污染物测定

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202105029

王立阳^1,2,
刘瑞霞^1,2, ,,
袁鹏¹,
刘晓玲¹,
周友亚³,
高红杰¹

1. 中国环境科学研究院流域水环境污染综合治理研究中心, 北京 100012;
2. 北京师范大学水科学研究院, 北京 100875;
3. 生态环境部土壤与农业农村生态环境监管技术中心, 北京 100012

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目（41977377，21277133）；科研院所基金项目（2017-YSKY-10）。

详细信息

作者简介:
王立阳(1990-),男,博士研究生。darktee@163.com

通讯作者:
刘瑞霞(1963-),女,博士,研究员,主要从事水污染过程与控制技术研究。liurx@craes.org.cn

计量
- 文章访问数: 122
- HTML全文浏览量: 8
- PDF下载量: 2
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-06-08
- 网络出版日期: 2022-01-17

MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN WATER ENVIRONMENT BASED ON POLAR ORGANIC CHEMICAL INTEGRATIVE SAMPLER

1. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
2. College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
3. Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China

摘要

摘要: 作为一种被动采样技术，极性有机化合物整合采样器（polar organic chemical integrative sampler，POCIS）具有安全、易使用、可进行低浓度监测、高回收率和抗生物污染等优点，由于POCIS可以测定极性有机化学物质的时间加权平均（time-weighted average，TWA）浓度，能够更为全面地反映污染物的长期影响。近年来POCIS已被广泛应用于水环境中农药、药品、内分泌干扰物等有机污染物的分离和富集，以及新兴痕量有机污染物的环境行为和生态风险的评价。介绍了POCIS的结构、原理和校准方法，综述了该装置在水环境中不同类型有机污染物监测中的应用，结合装置特点和实际应用，提出了POCIS在实际环境中需要解决的问题和后续进一步改进的方向。
- 被动采样 /
- POCIS /
- 水环境 /
- 有机污染物监测 /
- 取样速率
Abstract: As a passive sampling technique, the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) has the advantages of safety, simple operation, low concentration monitoring, high recovery, and anti-biological pollution. Due to the determination of time-weighted average concentration (TWA) for polar organic chemicals, reflecting the long-term effects of pollutants, POCIS has been widely applied in the separation and enrichment of pesticides, drugs, endocrine disruptors and other organic pollutants in water environment, as well as the assessment of the environmental behaviors and ecological risks for emerging trace organic pollutants. This paper introduced the structure, principle and calibration method of POCIS, and summarized its application in monitoring of different types of organic pollutants in water environment. Based upon the characteristics and practical application of the device, the problems faced in the actual environment were suggested and the research direction for further improvement of the device was proposed.
- passive sampling /
- POCIS /
- water environment /
- organic pollutant monitoring /
- sampling rate

HTML全文

参考文献(121)

[1]	ENDO S, MATSUURA Y, VERMEIRSSEN E L. Mechanistic model describing the uptake of chemicals by aquatic integrative samplers:comparison to data and implications for improved sampler configurations[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2019, 53(3):1482-1489.
[2]	SPIRHANZLOVA P, FINI J B, DEMENEIX B, et al. Composition and endocrine effects of water collected in the Kibale national park in Uganda[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 251:460-468.
[3]	TAYLOR A C, FONES G R, VRANA B, et al. Application of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler for isolation of environmental micropollutants:a review[J]. Critical Revieus Analytical Chemistry, 2019.
[4]	MIJANGOS L, ZIARRUSTA H, ROS O, et al. Occurrence of emerging pollutants in estuaries of the Basque Country:analysis of sources and distribution, and assessment of the environmental risk[J]. Water Research, 2018, 147:152-163.
[5]	BOOIJ K, FELIPE T. Passive samplers of hydrophobic organic chemicals reach equilibrium faster in the laboratory than in the field[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015, 98(1/2):365-367.
[6]	ZABIEGAŁA B, KOT-WASIK A, URBANOWICZ M, et al. Passive sampling as a tool for obtaining reliable analytical information in environmental quality monitoring[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2010, 396(1):273-296.
[7]	RICO A, ARENAS-SANCHEZ A, ALONSO-ALONSO C, et al. Identification of contaminants of concern in the upper Tagus river basin (central Spain). Part 1:screening, quantitative analysis and comparison of sampling methods[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 666:1058-1070.
[8]	BERNARD M, BOUTRY S, LISSALDE S, et al. Combination of Passive and Grab Sampling Strategies Improves the Assessment of Pesticide Occurrence and Contamination Levels in a Large-Scale Watershed[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 651:684-695.
[9]	GUIBAL R, LISSALDE S, BRIZARD Y, et al. Semi-continuous pharmaceutical and human tracer monitoring by POCIS sampling at the watershed-scale in an agricultural rural headwater river[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 360:106-114.
[10]	VRANA B, MILLS G A, ALLAN I J, et al. Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2005, 24(10):845-868.
[11]	HUANG J Y, BENNETT W W, WELSH D T, et al. Development and evaluation of a diffusive gradients in a thin film technique for measuring ammonium in freshwaters[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2016, 904(11):83-91.
[12]	KINGSTON J K, GREENWOOD R, MILLS G A, et al. Development of a novel passive sampling system for the time-averaged measurement of a range of organic pollutants in aquatic environments[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring:JEM, 2000, 2(5):487-495.
[13]	ALVAREZ D A, PETTY J D, HUCKINS J N, et al. Development of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2004, 23(7):1640-1648.
[14]	HUCKINS J N, TUBERGEN M W, MANUWEERA G K. Semipermeable membrane devices containing model lipid:a new approach to monitoring the bioavailability of lipophilic contaminants and estimating their bioconcentration potential[J]. Chemosphere, 1990, 20(5):533-552.
[15]	PASCHKE A, SCHWAB K, BRVMMER J, et al. Rapid semi-continuous calibration and field test of membrane-enclosed silicone collector as passive water sampler[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2006, 1124(1/2):187-195.
[16]	CATHERINE BERHO, BÉRENGōRE CLAUDE, EMELINE COISY, et al. Laboratory calibration of a POCIS-like sampler based on molecularly imprinted polymers for glyphosate and AMPA sampling in water[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2017, 409(8):2029-2035.
[17]	MORIN N, MIōGE C, COQUERY M, et al. Chemical calibration, performance, validation and applications of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in aquatic environments[J]. TrAC Trendsin Analytical Chemistry, 2012, 36:144-175.
[18]	雷沛, 单保庆, 张洪. 水体被动采样技术的发展与应用[J]. 环境化学, 2018, 37(3):480-496.
[19]	CRIQUET J, DUMOULIN D, HOWSAM M, et al. Comparison of POCIS passive samplers vs. composite water sampling:a case study[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 609:982-991.
[20]	JORGENSON Z G, THOMAS L M, ELLIOTT S M, et al. Contaminants of emerging concern presence and adverse effects in fish:a case study in the Laurentian Great Lakes[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 236:718-733.
[21]	YOONAH J, ANDREAS S, KILIAN S. Comparison of the sampling rates and partitioning behaviour of polar and non-polar contaminants in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler and a monophasic mixed polymer sampler for application as an equilibrium passive sampler[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 627:905-915.
[22]	MVLLER A K, LESER K, KAMPFER D, et al. Bioavailability of estrogenic compounds from sediment in the context of flood events evaluated by passive sampling[J]. Water Research, 2019, 161:540-548.
[23]	CHALLIS J K, STROSKI K M, LUONG K H, et al. Field evaluation and in situ stress testing of the organic-diffusive gradients in thin-films passive sampler[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(21):12573-12582.
[24]	ALVAREZ D A. Development of an integrative sampling device for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments[D]. Ann Arbor:University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999.
[25]	SEETHAPATHY S, GORECKI T, LI X J. Passive sampling in environmental analysis[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2008, 1184(1/2):234-253.
[26]	SALIM F, IOANNIDIS M, PENLIDIS A, et al. Modelling permeation passive sampling:intra-particle resistance to mass transfer and comprehensive sensitivity analysis[J]. Environmental Science-Processes and Impacts, 2019, 21(3):469-484.
[27]	HUCKINS J N, K. M G, PETTY J D, et al. Lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring organic contaminants in water[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1993, 27(12):2489-2496.
[28]	HUCKINS J N, PETTY J D, ORAZIO C E, et al. Determination of uptake kinetics (sampling rates) by lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(21):3918-3923.
[29]	FRANK S L. Review of passive accumulation devices for monitoring organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2005, 136(3):503-524.
[30]	MECZYKOWSKA H, KOBYLIS P, STEPNOWSKI P, et al. Calibration of passive samplers for the monitoring of pharmaceuticals in water-sampling rate variation[J]. Critical Reviews Analytical Chemistry, 2016.
[31]	YABUKI Y, NAGAI T, INAO K, et al. Temperature dependence on the pesticide sampling rate of polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS)[J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2016, 80(10):2069-2075.
[32]	FIGUEIREDO K, MÄENPÄÄ K, LYYTIKÄINEN M, et al. Assessing the influence of confounding biological factors when estimating bioaccumulation of PCBs with passive samplers in aquatic ecosystems[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 601/602:340-345.
[33]	SILVANI L, RICCARDI C, EEK E, et al. Monitoring alkylphenols in water using the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS):determining sampling rates via the extraction of PES membranes and Oasis beads[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 184:1362-1371.
[34]	MARION B, SEBASTIEN B, NATHALIE T, et al. Lab-scale investigation of the ability of Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler to catch short pesticide contamination peaks[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 7:1-11.
[35]	HARMAN C, ALLAN I J, VERMEIRSSEN E L M. Calibration and use of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler:a critical review[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012, 31(12):2724-2738.
[36]	JEONG Y, SCHAFFER A, SMITH K. A comparison of equilibrium and kinetic passive sampling for the monitoring of aquatic organic contaminants in German rivers[J]. Water Research, 2018, 145:248-258.
[37]	BROPHY M J, MACKIE A L, PARK Y, et al. Exploring the detection of microcystin-LR using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS)[J]. Environmental Science:Processes and Impacts, 2019, 21(4):6596-66.
[38]	KEES B, VRANA B, HUCKINS J N. Chapter 7 theory, modelling and calibration of passive samplers used in water monitoring[M]//GREENWOOD R, MILLS G, VRANA B. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry. Elsevier. 2007:141-169.
[39]	THOMATOU A A, ZACHARIAS I, HELA D, et al. Passive sampling of selected pesticides in aquatic environment using polar organic chemical integrative samplers[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2011, 18(7):1222-12233.
[40]	BOOIJ K, HOFMANS H E, FISCHER C V, et al. Temperature-dependent uptake rates of nonpolar organic compounds by semipermeable membrane devices and low-density polyethylene membranes[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(2):361-366.
[41]	OUYANG G F, CHEN Y, PAWLISZYN J. Flow-through system for the generation of standard aqueous solution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2006, 1105(1):176-179.
[42]	O'BRIEN D S, BARRY C, MUELLER J F. A novel method for the in situ calibration of flow effects on a phosphate passive sampler[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring:JEM, 2008, 11(1):212-219.
[43]	O'BRIEN D S, KEES B, HAWKER D W, et al. Method for the in situ calibration of a passive phosphate sampler in estuarine and marine waters[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(7):2871-2877.
[44]	O'BRIEN D S, MICHAEL B, MUELLER J F. Determination of deployment specific chemical uptake rates for SDB-RPD Empore disk using a passive flow monitor (PFM)[J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 83(9):1290-1295.
[45]	KASERZON S L, HAWKER D W, BOOIJ K, et al. Passive sampling of perfluorinated chemicals in water:in-situ calibration[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2014, 186:98-103.
[46]	NOVIC A J, O'BRIEN D S, KASERZON S L, et al. Monitoring herbicide concentrations and loads during a flood event:a comparison of grab sampling with passive sampling[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(7):3880-3891.
[47]	BELLES A, TAPIE N, PARDON P, et al. Development of the performance reference compound approach for the calibration of "polar organic chemical integrative sampler" (POCIS)[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2014, 406(4):1131-1140.
[48]	INMACULADA CARPINTEIRO, ADRIEN SCHOPFER, NICOLAS ESTOPPEY, et al. Evaluation of performance reference compounds (PRCs) to monitor emerging polar contaminants by polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) in rivers[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2010, 408(4):1067-1078.
[49]	HUCKINS J N, PETTY J D, LEBO J A, et al. Development of the permeability/performance reference compound approach for in situ calibration of semipermeable membrane devices[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 36(1):85-91.
[50]	TOMASZEWSKI J E, LUTHY R G. Field deployment of polyethylene devices to measure PCB concentrations in pore water of contaminated sediment[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(16):6086-6091.
[51]	TRAN A T K, HYNE R V, DOBLE P. Calibration of a passive sampling device for time-integrated sampling of hydrophilic herbicides in aquatic environments[J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 2010, 26(3):435-443.
[52]	LI Y, YAO C, ZHA D P, et al. Selection of performance reference compound (PRC) for passive sampling of pharmaceutical residues in an effluent dominated river[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 211:884-892.
[53]	VRANA B, MILLS G A, KOTTERMAN M, et al. Modelling and field application of the Chemcatcher passive sampler calibration data for the monitoring of hydrophobic organic pollutants in water[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2007, 145(3):895-904.
[54]	LIU H H, WONG C S, ZENG E Y. Recognizing the limitations of performance reference compound (PRC)-calibration technique in passive water sampling[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(18):10104-51010.
[55]	HARMAN C, REID M, THOMAS K V. In situ calibration of a passive sampling device for selected illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater, and subsequent year-long assessment of community drug usage[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(13):5676-5682.
[56]	HARMAN C, ALLAN I J, BAUERLEIN P S. The challenge of exposure correction for polar passive samplers——the PRC and the POCIS[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(21):9120-9121.
[57]	STEPHENS B S, KAPERNICK A, EAGLESHAM G, et al. Aquatic passive sampling of herbicides on naked particle loaded membranes:Accelerated measurement and empirical estimation of kinetic parameters[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(22):8891-8897.
[58]	LI H X, HELM P A, METCALFE C D. Sampling in the Great Lakes for pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine-disrupting substances using the passive polar organic chemical integrative sampler[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2010, 29(4):751-762.
[59]	LIN W, JIANG R F, SHEN Y, et al. Effect of dissolved organic matter on pre-equilibrium passive sampling:a predictive QSAR modeling study[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 635:53-59.
[60]	MILLER T H, BAZ-LOMBA J A, HARMAN C, et al. The first attempt at non-linear in silico prediction of sampling rates for polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS)[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(15):7973-7981.
[61]	AISHA A A, HNEINE W, MOKH S, et al. Monitoring of 45 pesticides in lebanese surface water using polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS)[J]. Ocean Science Journal, 2017, 52(3):455-466.
[62]	PETTY J D, HUCKINS J N, ALVAREZ D A, et al. A holistic passive integrative sampling approach for assessing the presence and potential impacts of waterborne environmental contaminants[J]. Chemosphere, 2004, 54(6):695-705.
[63]	GUIBAL R, LISSALDE S, LEBLANC J, et al. Two sampling strategies for an overview of pesticide contamination in an agriculture-extensive headwater stream[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25(15):14280-14293.
[64]	MUNARON D, TAPIE N, BUDZINSKI H, et al. Pharmaceuticals, alkylphenols and pesticides in Mediterranean coastal waters:results from a pilot survey using passive samplers[J]. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 2012, 114:82-92.
[65]	GAËLLE P, SOPHIE L, ADELINE C, et al. Estimates of pesticide concentrations and fluxes in two rivers of an extensive French multi-agricultural watershed:application of the passive sampling strategy[J]. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 2015, 22(11):8044-8057.
[66]	MAZZELLA N, LISSALDE S, MOREIRA S, et al. Evaluation of the use of performance reference compounds in an oasis-HLB adsorbent based passive sampler for improving water concentration estimates of polar herbicides in freshwater[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(5):1713-1719.
[67]	BELLES A, TAPIE N, PARDON P, et al. Development of the performance reference compound approach for the calibration of "polar organic chemical integrative sampler" (POCIS)[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2014, 406(4):1131-1140.
[68]	ASSOUMANI A, LISSALDE S, MARGOUM C, et al. In situ application of stir bar sorptive extraction as a passive sampling technique for the monitoring of agricultural pesticides in surface waters[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 463:829-835.
[69]	IBRAHIM I, TOGOLA A, GONZALEZ C. In-situ calibration of POCIS for the sampling of polar pesticides and metabolites in surface water[J]. Talanta, 2013, 116:495-500.
[70]	AHRENS L, DANESHVAR A, LAU A E, et al. Concentrations, fluxes and field calibration of passive water samplers for pesticides and hazard-based risk assessment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, s637/638:835-843.
[71]	ZHANG Z, TROLDBORG M, YATES K, et al. Evaluation of spot and passive sampling for monitoring, flux estimation and risk assessment of pesticides within the constraints of a typical regulatory monitoring scheme[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 569:1369-1379.
[72]	FOX J T, ADAMS G, SHARUM M, et al. Passive sampling of bioavailable organic chemicals in perry county, missouri cave streams[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(23):8835-8841.
[73]	CERNOCH I, FRANEK M, DIBLIKOVA I, et al. Determination of atrazine in surface waters by combination of POCIS passive sampling and ELISA detection[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2011, 13(9):2582-2587.
[74]	SHARPE A J, NICHOLS E G. Use of stable nitrogen isotopes and permeable membrane devices to study what factors influence freshwater mollusk survival in the Conasauaga river[J]. Environment Monitoring Assessment, 2007, 132(1/2/3):275-295.
[75]	STÉPHANE P, SOIZIC M, SOPHIE L, et al. Combining polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) with toxicity testing to evaluate pesticide mixture effects on natural phototrophic biofilms[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(3):735-741.
[76]	SHI X, ZHOU J L, ZHAO H, et al. Application of Passive Sampling in Assessing the Occurrence and Risk of Antibiotics and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Yangtze Estuary, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2014, 111:344-351.
[77]	MATTHIESSEN P, ARNOLD D, JOHNSON A C, et al. Contamination of headwater streams in the United Kingdom by oestrogenic hormones from livestock farms[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 367(2/3):616-630.
[78]	SELLIN M K, SNOW D D, AKERLY D L, et al. Estrogenic compounds downstream from three small cities in eastern nebraska:occurrence and biological effect[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2009, 45(1):14-21.
[79]	BAYEN S, ESTRADA E S, JUHEL G, et al. Pharmaceutically active compounds and endocrine disrupting chemicals in water, sediments and mollusks in mangrove ecosystems from Singapore[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016, 109(2):716-722.
[80]	VERMEIRSSEN E L M, KORNER O, Schonenberger R, et al. Characterization of environmental estrogens in river water using a three pronged approach:active and passive water sampling and the analysis of accumulated estrogens in the bile of caged fish[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(21):8191-8198.
[81]	LISCIO C, MAGI E, DI CARRO M, et al. Combining passive samplers and biomonitors to evaluate endocrine disrupting compounds in a wastewater treatment plant by LC/MS/MS and bioassay analyses[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(10):2716-2721.
[82]	LISCIO C, ABDUL-SADA A, AL-SALHI R, et al. Methodology for profiling anti-androgen mixtures in river water using multiple passive samplers and bioassay-directed analyses[J]. Water Research, 2014, 57:258-269.
[83]	ŠKODOVÁ A, PROKEŠ R, ŠIMEK Z, et al. In situ calibration of three passive samplers for the monitoring of steroid hormones in wastewater[J]. Talanta, 2016, 161:405-412.
[84]	BAYEN S, SEGOVIA E, LOH L L, et al. Application of polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) to monitor emerging contaminants in tropical waters[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 482-483(1):15-22.
[85]	BURKI R, VERMEIRSSEN E L M, KOERNER O, et al. Assessment of estrogenic exposure in brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a Swiss midland river:integrated analysis of passive samplers, wild and caged fish, and vitellogenin mRNA and protein[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemisrty, 2006, 25(8):2077-2086.
[86]	VALLEJO A, PRIETO A, MOEDER M, et al. Calibration and field test of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers for the determination of 15 endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater and river water with special focus on performance reference compounds (PRC)[J]. Water Research, 2013, 47(8):2851-2862.
[87]	CREUSOT N, TAPIE N, PICCINI B, et al. Distribution of steroid-and dioxin-like activities between sediments, POCIS and SPMD in a French river subject to mixed pressures[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2013, 20(5):2784-2794.
[88]	JALOVA V, JAROSOVA B, BLAHA L, et al. Estrogen-, androgen-and aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated activities in passive and composite samples from municipal waste and surface waters[J]. Environment International, 2013, 59:372-383.
[89]	FENT K, ZENKER A, RAPP M. Widespread occurrence of estrogenic UV-filters in aquatic ecosystems in Switzerland[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2010, 158(5):1817-1824.
[90]	BALAAM J L, GROVER D, Johnson A C, et al. The use of modelling to predict levels of estrogens in a river catchment:how does modelled data compare with chemical analysis and in vitro yeast assay results?[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(20):4826-4832.
[91]	JACQUET R, MIEGE C, BADOS P, et al. Evaluating the polar organic chemical integrative sampler for the monitoring of beta-blockers and hormones in wastewater treatment plant effluents and receiving surface waters[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012, 31(2):279-288.
[92]	KOLOK A S, SNOW D D, KOHNO S, et al. Occurrence and biological effect of exogenous steroids in the Elkhorn River, Nebraska, USA[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2007, 388(1/2/3):104-115.
[93]	CREUSOT N, AIT-AISSA S, TAPIE N, et al. Identification of Synthetic Steroids in River Water Downstream from Pharmaceutical Manufacture Discharges Based on a Bioanalytical Approach and Passive Sampling[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(7):3649-3657.
[94]	ZHANG Z L, HIBBERD A, ZHOU J L. Analysis of emerging contaminants in sewage effluent and River Water:comparison between spot and passive sampling[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2008, 607(1):37-44.
[95]	MARTÍNEZ BUENO M J, HERRERA S, MUNARON D, et al. POCIS passive samplers as a monitoring tool for pharmaceutical residues and their transformation products in marine environment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(6):1-11.
[96]	VYSTAVNA Y, FRKOVA Z, MARCHAND L, et al. Removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals in a full scale constructed wetland in East Ukraine[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2017, 108:50-58.
[97]	DOUGHERTY J A, SWARZENSKI P W, DINICOLA R S, et al. Occurrence of herbicides and pharmaceutical and personal care products in surface water and groundwater around liberty bay, puget sound, washington[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010, 39(4):1173-1180.
[98]	EMILIE BAILLY, YVES LEVI, SARA KAROLAK. Calibration and field evaluation of polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) for monitoring pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 174(5):100-105.
[99]	RODAYAN A, MAJEWSKY M, YARGEAU V. Impact of approach used to determine removal levels of drugs of abuse during wastewater treatment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 487:731-739.
[100]	FENET H, ARPIN-PONT L, VANHOUTTE-BRUNIER A, et al. Reducing PEC uncertainty in coastal zones:a case study on carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine and their metabolites[J]. Environment International, 2014, 68:177-184.
[101]	YARGEAU V, TAYLOR B, LI H, et al. Analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater from two Canadian cities[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 487:722-730.
[102]	TANWAR S, DI CARRO M, MAGI E. Innovative sampling and extraction methods for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2015, 106:100-106.
[103]	BARTELT-HUNT S L, SNOW D D, DAMON T, et al. The occurrence of illicit and therapeutic pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters in Nebraska[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(3):786-791.
[104]	FEDOROVA G, RANDAK T, GOLOVKO O, et al. A passive sampling method for detecting analgesics, psycholeptics, antidepressants and illicit drugs in aquatic environments in the Czech Republic[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 487:681-687.
[105]	GAUTAM P, CARSELLA J S, KINNEY C A. Presence and transport of the antimicrobials triclocarban and triclosan in a wastewater-dominated stream and freshwater environment[J]. Water Research, 2014, 48:247-256.
[106]	BRINGOLF R B, HELTSLEY R M, NEWTON T J, et al. Environmental occurrence and reproductive effects of the pharmaceutical fluoxetine in native freshwater mussels[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2010, 29(6):1311-1318.
[107]	TOGOLA A, BUDZINSKI H. Development of polar organic integrative samplers for analysis of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2007, 79(17):6734-6741.
[108]	熊晶晶. 极性有机物整合采样器吸附剂的合成优化及其在广州城市水体监测上的应用[D]. 北京:中国科学院大学, 2017.
[109]	YANG C M, LI Y, ZHA D P, et al. A passive sampling method for assessing the occurrence and risk of organophosphate flame retardants in aquatic environments[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 167:1-9.
[110]	WANG L, GONG X Y, WANG R N, et al. Application of an immobilized ionic liquid for the passive sampling of perfluorinated substances in water[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2017, 1515:45-53.
[111]	COES A L, PARETTI N V, FOREMAN W T, et al. Sampling trace organic compounds in water:a comparison of a continuous active sampler to continuous passive and discrete sampling methods[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 473:731-741.
[112]	KASERZON S L, KENNEDY K, HAWKER D W, et al. Development and calibration of a passive sampler for perfluorinated alkyl carboxylates and sulfonates in water[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(9):4985-4993.
[113]	KOHOUTEK J, MARSALEK B, BLAHA L. Evaluation of the novel passive sampler for cyanobacterial toxins microcystins under various conditions including field sampling[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2010, 397(2):823-828.
[114]	KOVAROVA J, MARSALEK P, BLAHOVA J, et al. Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in fish and water from the svitava and svratka rivers, czech republic[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2012, 88(3):456-460.
[115]	HARMAN C, THOMAS K V, TOLLEFSEN K E, et al. Monitoring the freely dissolved concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and alkylphenols (AP) around a Norwegian oil platform by holistic passive sampling[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58(11):1671-1679.
[116]	HARMAN C, BROOKS S, SUNDT R C, et al. Field comparison of passive sampling and biological approaches for measuring exposure to PAH and alkylphenols from offshore produced water discharges[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011, 63(5/12):141-148.
[117]	KUDELA R M. Characterization and deployment of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) resin for monitoring of microcystins in fresh and saltwater[J]. Harmful Algae, 2011, 11:117-125.
[118]	ROSEN M R, ALVAREZ D A, GOODBRED S L, et al. Sources and distribution of organic compounds using passive samplers in lake mead national recreation area, nevada and arizona, and their implications for potential effects on aquatic biota[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010, 39(4):1161-1172.
[119]	ALVAREZ D A, ROSEN M R, PERKINS S D, et al. Bottom sediment as a source of organic contaminants in Lake Mead, Nevada, USA[J]. Chemosphere, 2012, 88(5):605-611.
[120]	WRITER J H, BARBER L B, BROWN G K, et al. Anthropogenic tracers, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and endocrine disruption in Minnesota lakes[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 409(1):100-111.
[121]	JEFFRIES M K S, ABBOTT K I, COWMAN T, et al. Occurrence and endocrine effects of agrichemicals in a small nebraska, USA, watershed[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2011, 30(10):2253-2260.