膜蒸馏技术疏水膜、组件及工艺研究进展

王军; 李魁岭; 王樟新; 刘烈; 张勇; 侯得印

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202107002

膜蒸馏技术疏水膜、组件及工艺研究进展

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202107002

王军^1,2,3, ,,
李魁岭^1,2,3,
王樟新⁴,
刘烈⁵,
张勇^1,2,3,
侯得印^1,2,3

1. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境水质学国家重点实验室, 北京 100085;
2. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心高浓度难降解有机废水处理技术国家工程实验室, 北京 100085;
3. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;
4. 广东工业大学环境生态工程研究院, 广州 510006;
5. 清华大学环境学院水质与水生态研究中心, 北京 100084

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金面上项目（51978651，52000179）；国际合作重点研发项目“膜蒸馏关键技术与成套装备开发及其工程应用示范”（2019YFE0122400）

详细信息

作者简介:
王军(1975-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为疏水膜分离成套技术,工业废水资源化。junwang@rcees.ac.cn

通讯作者:
王军(1975-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为疏水膜分离成套技术,工业废水资源化。junwang@rcees.ac.cn

计量
- 文章访问数: 429
- HTML全文浏览量: 59
- PDF下载量: 13
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-02-16
- 网络出版日期: 2022-01-18

RESEARCH PROGRESS OF MEMBRANE DISTILLATION:HYDROPHOBIC MEMBRANE,MEMBRANE MODULES AND THE INTEGRATED PROCESS

WANG Jun^{1,2,3
, ,},
LI Kui-ling^1,2,3,
WANG Zhang-xin⁴,
LIU Lie⁵,
ZHANG Yong^1,2,3,
HOU De-yin^1,2,3

1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
2. National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
4. Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
5. Center for Water and Ecology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

摘要

摘要: 在新兴环保领域，膜蒸馏（MD）技术经最近10年研究的不断拓展、深入，产业链逐渐形成。瞄准膜蒸馏技术涉及的疏水膜、膜组件、工艺与应用3个重要方面，概述了膜蒸馏技术的最近10年研究现状及发展方向。从疏水膜制备的角度，重点探讨了兼具高通量、高强度、抗润湿及抗污染等特点的疏水膜制备方法；从膜蒸馏组件设计角度，重点探讨了结构形式优化、内/外场辅助等过程强化手段及具有稳定、高效、低耗传质特点的膜组件设计方法；从工艺与应用角度，概述了典型膜蒸馏集成工艺、清洁生产工艺及应用场景与国内外产业化现状。
- 膜蒸馏 /
- 疏水膜 /
- 膜组件 /
- 集成工艺 /
- 脱盐
Abstract: In the emerging field of environmental protection, the research of membrane distillation(MD) has been expanding and deepening in recent years, and the industrial chain of MD has been gradually formed. This paper focused on the research progress of hydrophobic membrane, membrane module, integrated process, and application of MD, summarizing the research status and development direction of MD in the recent decade. From the perspective of hydrophobic membrane preparation, the preparation methods of the hydrophobic membrane with high flux, high strength, anti-wetting and anti-pollution were discussed. For MD module design, the MD process strengthening strategies such as membrane module structure optimization, internal/external field assistance, and membrane module design with stable, high efficiency and low energy consumption were critically surveyed. The typical MD integrated process, cleaner production process, application scenarios, and industrialization status in China and overseas were also summarized in the view of integrated process and application.
- membrane distillation /
- hydrophobic membrane /
- membrane module /
- integrated process /
- desalination

HTML全文

参考文献(165)

[1]	MULDER M.Basic Principles of Membrane Technology[M].2nd Edition.Kluwer Acedemic Publishers,1997.
[2]	DESHMUKH A,ELIMELECH M.Understanding the impact of membrane properties and transport phenomena on the energetic performance of membrane distillation desalination[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2017,539:458-474.
[3]	NUGROHO M B.Membrane distillation-membranes,hybrid systems,and pilot studies[J].Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling,2013,53.
[4]	SEYED Shahabadi S M,RABIEE H,SEYEDI S M,et al.Superhydrophobic dual layer functionalized titanium dioxide/polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (TiO₂/pH) nanofibrous membrane for high flux membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2017,537:140-150.
[5]	LIAO Y,LOH C H,WANG R,et al.Electrospun superhydrophobic membranes with unique structures for membrane distillation[J].ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces,2014,6(18):16035-16048.
[6]	SU C I,SHIH J H,HUANG M S,et al.A study of hydrophobic electrospun membrane applied in seawater desalination by membrane distillation[J].Fibers and Polymers,2012,13:698-702.
[7]	TIJING L D,WOO Y C,SHIM W G,et al.Superhydrophobic nanofiber membrane containing carbon nanotubes for high-performance direct contact membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2016,502:158-170.
[8]	HOU D Y,WANG J,QU D,et al.Fabrication and characterization of hydrophobic PVDF hollow fiber membranes for desalination through direct contact membrane distillation[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2009,69(1):78-86.
[9]	HOU D Y,DAI G H,WANG J,et al.Preparation and characterization of PVDF/nonwoven fabric flat-sheet composite membranes for desalination through direct contact membrane distillation[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2012,101:1-10.
[10]	HOU D Y,WANG J,SUN X C,et al.Preparation and properties of PVDF composite hollow fiber membranes for desalination through direct contact membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2012,405/406:185-200.
[11]	ZHENG L B,WU Z T,ZHANG Y,et al.Effect of non-solvent additives on the morphology,pore structure,and direct contact membrane distillation performance of PVDF-CTFE hydrophobic membranes[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences (China),2015,45:28-39.
[12]	WANG J,ZHENG L B,WU Z J,et al.Fabrication of hydrophobic flat sheet and hollow fiber membranes from PVDF and PVDF-CTFE for membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2016,497:183-193.
[13]	ZHENG L B,WU Z J,WEI Y S,et al.Preparation of PVDF-CTFE hydrophobic membranes for MD application:effect of LiCl-based mixed additives[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2016,506:71-85.
[14]	ZHENG L B,WANG J,LI J,et al.Preparation,evaluation and modification of PVDF-CTFE hydrophobic membrane for MD desalination application[J].Desalination,2017,402:162-172.
[15]	ZHENG L B,WANG J,YU D W,et al.Preparation of PVDF-CTFE hydrophobic membrane by non-solvent induced phase inversion:relation between polymorphism and phase inversion[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2018,550:480-491.
[16]	LI K L,ZHANG Y,XU L L,et al.Optimizing stretching conditions in fabrication of PTFE hollow fiber membrane for performance improvement in membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2018,550:126-135.
[17]	HORSEMAN T,YIN Y,CHRISTIE K S,et al.Wetting,scaling,and fouling in membrane distillation:state-of-the-art insights on fundamental mechanisms and mitigation strategies[J].ACS ES&T Engineering,2021(1):117-140.
[18]	WANG Z X,ELIMELECH M,LIN S H.Environmental applications of interfacial materials with special wettability[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,50(5):2132-2150.
[19]	WANG Z X,HOU D Y,LIN S H.Composite membrane with underwater-oleophobic surface for anti-oil-fouling membrane distillation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,50(7):3866-3874.
[20]	WANG K P,HOU D Y,WANG J,et al.Hydrophilic surface coating on hydrophobic PTFE membrane for robust anti-oil-fouling membrane distillation[J].Applied Surface Science,2018,450:57-65.
[21]	TANG M,CHRISTIE K S S,HOU D Y,et al.Fabrication of a novel underwater-superoleophobic/hydrophobic composite membrane for robust anti-oil-fouling membrane distillation by the facile breath figures templating method[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2021,617:118666.
[22]	HOU D Y,DING C L,LI K L,et al.A novel dual-layer composite membrane with underwater-superoleophobic/hydrophobic asymmetric wettability for robust oil-fouling resistance in membrane distillation desalination[J].Desalination,2018,428:240-249.
[23]	WANG K P,HOU D Y,QI P,et al.Development of a composite membrane with underwater-oleophobic fibrous surface for robust anti-oil-fouling membrane distillation[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2019,537:375-383.
[24]	TANG M,HOU D Y,DING C L,et al.Anti-oil-fouling hydrophobic-superoleophobic composite membranes for robust membrane distillation performance[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,696:133883.
[25]	LIN S H,NEJATI S,BOO C,et al.Omniphobic membrane for robust membrane distillation[J].Environmental Science and Technology Letters,2014,1(11):443-447.
[26]	HOU D Y,YUAN Z Y,TANG M,et al.Effect and mechanism of an anionic surfactant on membrane performance during direct contact membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2020,595:117495.
[27]	BOO C,LEE J,ELIMELECH M.Omniphobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane for desalination of shale gas produced water by membrane distillation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,50:12275-12282.
[28]	HOU D Y,DING C L,FU C C,et al.Electrospun nanofibrous omniphobic membrane for anti-surfactant-wetting membrane distillation desalination[J].Desalination,2019,468:114068.
[29]	WANG W,DU X W,VAHABI H,et al.Trade-off in membrane distillation with monolithic omniphobic membranes[J].Nature Communications,2019,10:3220.
[30]	KARANIKOLA V,BOO C,ROLF J,et al.Engineered slippery surface to mitigate gypsum scaling in membrane distillation for treatment of hypersaline industrial wastewaters[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2018,52(24):14362-14370.
[31]	SU C L,HORSEMAN T,CAO H B,et al.Robust superhydrophobic membrane for membrane distillation with excellent scaling resistance[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2019,53(20):11801-11809
[32]	XIAO Z C,ZHENG R,LIU Y J,et al.Slippery for scaling resistance in membrane distillation:a novel porous micropillared superhydrophobic surface[J].Water Research,2019,155:152-161.
[33]	WANG Z X,LIN S H.Membrane fouling and wetting in membrane distillation and their mitigation by novel membranes with special wettability[J].Water Research,2017,112:38-47.
[34]	HUANG Y X,WANG Z X,JIN J,et al.Novel janus membrane for membrane distillation with simultaneous fouling and wetting resistance[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,51(22):13304-13310.
[35]	CHEN Y M L,LU K J,CHUNG T S.An omniphobic slippery membrane with simultaneous anti-wetting and anti-scaling properties for robust membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2020,595:117572.
[36]	DUDCHENKO A V,CHEN C,CARDENAS A,et al.Frequency-dependent stability of CNT joule heaters in ionizable media and desalination processes[J].Nature Nanotechnology,2017,12:557-563.
[37]	ZUO K C,WANG W P,DESHMUKH A,et al.Multifunctional nanocoated membranes for high-rate electrothermal desalination of hypersaline waters[J].Nature Nanotechnology,2020,15:1025-1032.
[38]	SONG L,HUANG Q L,HUANG Y,et al.An electro-thermal braid-reinforced PVDF hollow fiber membrane for vacuum membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2019,591:117359.
[39]	LI K L,ZHANG Y,WANG Z Y,et al.Electrothermally driven membrane distillation for low-energy consumption and wetting mitigation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2019,53(22):13506-13513.
[40]	DONGARE P D,ALABASTRI A,PEDERSEN S,et al.Nanophotonics-enabled solar membrane distillation for off-grid water purification[C]//Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2017,114:6936-6941.
[41]	POLITANO A,ARGURIO P,DI PROFIO G,et al.Photothermal membrane distillation for seawater desalination[J].Advanced Materials,2017,29(2):1603504.
[42]	PATEL S K,RITT C L,DESHMUKH A,et al.The relative insignificance of advanced materials in enhancing the energy efficiency of desalination technologies[J].Energy and Environmental Science,2020,13:1694-1710.
[43]	TEOH M M,BONYADI S,CHUNG T S.Investigation of different hollow fiber module designs for flux enhancement in the membrane distillation process[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2008,311:371-379.
[44]	YANG X,WANG R,FANE A G.Novel designs for improving the performance of hollow fiber membrane distillation modules[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2011,384(1/2):52-62.
[45]	ALI A,AIMAR P,DRIOLI E.Effect of module design and flow patterns on performance of membrane distillation process[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,277:368-377.
[46]	HAGEDORN A,FIEG G,WINTER D,et al.Membrane and spacer evaluation with respect to future module design in membrane distillation[J].Desalination,2017,413:154-167.
[47]	ALBEIRUTTY M,TURKMEN N,AL-SHARIF S,et al.An experimental study for the characterization of fluid dynamics and heat transport within the spacer-filled channels of membrane distillation modules[J].Desalination,2018,430:136-146.
[48]	THOMAS N,SREEDHAR N,AL-KETAN O,et al.3D printed spacers based on TPMS architectures for scaling control in membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2019,581:38-49.
[49]	HUGO E,CASTILLO C,THOMAS N,et al.3D printed spacers for organic fouling mitigation in membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2019,581:331-343.
[50]	THOMAS N,KUMAR M,PALMISANO G,et al.Antiscaling 3D printed feed spacers via facile nanoparticle coating for membrane distillation[J].Water Research,2021,189:116649.
[51]	WINTER D,KOSCHIKOWSKI J,GROSS F,et al.Comparative analysis of full-scale membrane distillation contactors-methods and modules[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2017,524:758-771.
[52]	WANG P,CHUNG T S.Recent advances in membrane distillation processes:membrane development,configuration design and application exploring[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2015,474:39-56.
[53]	LEE J G,KIM W S,CHOI J S,et al.A novel multi-stage direct contact membrane distillation module:design,experimental and theoretical approaches[J].Water Research,2016,107:47-56.
[54]	ZHAO K,HEINZL W,WENZEL M,et al.Experimental study of the memsys vacuum-multi-effect-membrane-distillation (V-MEMD) module[J].Desalination,2013,323:150-160.
[55]	XING Y L,QI C H,FENG H J,et al.Performance study of a pilot-scale multi-effect vacuum membrane distillation desalination plant[J].Desalination,2017,403:199-207.
[56]	JANSEN A E,ASSINK J W,HANEMAAIJER J H,et al.Development and pilot testing of full-scale membrane distillation modules for deployment of waste heat[J].Desalination,2013,323:55-65.
[57]	GENG H X,WU H Y,LI P L,et al.Study on a new air-gap membrane distillation module for desalination[J].Desalination,2014,334(1):29-38.
[58]	SINGH D,SIRKAR K K.Desalination by air gap membrane distillation using a two hollow-fiber-set membrane module[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2012,421-422:172-179.
[59]	高云霄,刘芮,李保安.热回收式板框膜蒸馏组件的制备及性能研究[J].现代化工,2016,36(11):163-166 ,168.
[60]	李保安,支星星,刘军,等.新型卷式气隙式膜蒸馏组件制备及脱盐过程[J].天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版),2018,51(9):927-933.
[61]	RALUY R G,SCHWANTES R,SUBIELA V J,et al.Operational experience of a solar membrane distillation demonstration plant in pozo izquierdo-gran canaria island (Spain)[J].Desalination,2012,290:1-13.
[62]	WINTER D,KOSCHIKOWSKI J,WIEGHAUS M.Desalination using membrane distillation:experimental studies on full scale spiral wound modules[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2011,375:104-112.
[63]	GUTMAN R.Hyperfiltration and ultrafiltration in plate and frame systems[J].The Chemical Engineering Journal,1977,14:231-232.
[64]	ZHU C,LIU G L,CHEUNG C S,et al.Ultrasonic stimulation on enhancement of air gap membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,1999,161(1/2):85-93.
[65]	HOU D Y,ZHANG L J,WANG Z X,et al.Humic acid fouling mitigation by ultrasonic irradiation in membrane distillation process[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2015,154:328-337.
[66]	HOU D Y,DAI G H,FAN H,et al.An ultrasonic assisted direct contact membrane distillation hybrid process for desalination[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2015,476:59-67.
[67]	HOU D Y,WANG Z X,LI G L,et al.Ultrasonic assisted direct contact membrane distillation hybrid process for membrane scaling mitigation[J].Desalination,2015,375:33-39.
[68]	JI Z G,WANG J,HOU D Y,et al.Effect of microwave irradiation on vacuum membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2013,429:473-479.
[69]	JI Z G,WANG J,YIN Z F,et al.Effect of microwave irradiation on typical inorganic salts crystallization in membrane distillation process[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2014,455:24-30.
[70]	DU J R,DU W L,FENG X S,et al.Membrane distillation enhanced by an asymmetric electric field[J].AIChE Journal,2014,60(6):2307-2313.
[71]	刘欢.PTFE导电微孔膜EVMD过程研究及其电催化应用[D].天津:天津工业大学,2017.
[72]	吕晓龙.疏水膜的污染、润湿与干燥探讨[J].膜科学与技术,2020,40(1):196-203.
[73]	高薇,于文静,武春瑞,等.鼓气强化循环气扫式膜蒸馏过程研究[J].水处理技术,2011,37(3):96-99 ,104.
[74]	辛璐,贾悦,高薇,等.气提升式减压膜蒸馏的初步研究[J].天津工业大学学报,2011,30(2):12-15.
[75]	李振刚,武春瑞,高启君,等.鼓气减压膜蒸馏高收率海水淡化过程研究[J].水处理技术,2015,41(5):26-29.
[76]	董畅,高启君,吕晓龙,等.直接接触式膜蒸馏过程的膜曝气强化[J].化工学报,2017,68(5):1913-1920.
[77]	VOUTCHKOV N.Energy use for membrane seawater desalination-current status and trends[J].Desalination,2017,431:2-14.
[78]	DESHMUKH A,BOO C,KARANIKOLA V,et al.Membrane distillation at the water-energy nexus:limits,opportunities,and challenges[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2018,11:1177-1196.
[79]	SKUSE C,GALLEGO-SCHMID A,AZAPAGIC A,et al.Can emerging membrane-based desalination technologies replace reverse osmosis?[J].Desalination,2020,500:114844.
[80]	DOW N,GRAY S,LI J D,et al.Pilot trial of membrane distillation driven by low grade waste heat:membrane fouling and energy assessment[J].Desalination,2016,391:30-42.
[81]	ANDRÉS-MAÑAS J A,ROCA L,RUIZ-AGUIRRE A,et al.Application of solar energy to seawater desalination in a pilot system based on vacuum multi-effect membrane distillation[J].Applied Energy,2020,258:114068.
[82]	DUONG H C,COOPER P,NELEMANS B,et al.Evaluating energy consumption of air gap membrane distillation for seawater desalination at pilot scale level[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2016,166:55-62.
[83]	ULLAH R,KHRAISHEH M,ESTEVES R J,et al.Energy efficiency of direct contact membrane distillation[J].Desalination,2018,433:56-67.
[84]	AL-OBAIDANI S,CURCIO E,MACEDONIO F,et al.Potential of membrane distillation in seawater desalination:thermal efficiency,sensitivity study and cost estimation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2008,323:85-98.
[85]	ANDRÉS-MAÑAS J A,RUIZ-AGUIRRE A,ACIÉN F G,et al.Assessment of a pilot system for seawater desalination based on vacuum multi-effect membrane distillation with enhanced heat recovery[J].Desalination,2018,443:110-121.
[86]	GUILLEN-BURRIEZA E,RUIZ-AGUIRRE A,ZARAGOZA G,et al.Membrane fouling and cleaning in long term plant-scale membrane distillation operations[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2014,468:360-372.
[87]	ANDRÉS-MAÑAS J A,RUIZ-AGUIRRE A,ACIÉN F G,et al.Performance increase of membrane distillation pilot scale modules operating in vacuum-enhanced air-gap configuration[J].Desalination,2020,475:114202.
[88]	BANAT F,JWAIED N,ROMMEL M,et al.Performance evaluation of the ‘large SMADES’ autonomous desalination solar-driven membrane distillation plant in Aqaba,Jordan[J].Desalination,2007,217:17-28.
[89]	ZHANG Y,LIU L,LI K L,et al.Enhancement of energy utilization using nanofluid in solar powered membrane distillation[J].Chemosphere,2018,212:554-562.
[90]	ZHANG L B,TANG B,WU J B,et al.Hydrophobic Light-to-Heat Conversion Membranes with Self-Healing Ability for Interfacial Solar Heating[J].Advanced Materials,2015,27(33):4889-4894.
[91]	WANG Y C,WANG C Z,SONG X J,et al.A facile nanocomposite strategy to fabricate a rGO-MWCNT photothermal layer for efficient water evaporation[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2018,6:963-971.
[92]	ZHANG Y,LI K L,LIU L,et al.Titanium nitride nanoparticle embedded membrane for photothermal membrane distillation[J].Chemosphere,2020,256:127053.
[93]	FUJIWARA M,KIKUCHI M.Solar desalination of seawater using double-dye-modified PTFE membrane[J].Water Research,2017,127:96-103.
[94]	WU J J,ZODROW K R,SZEMRAJ P B,et al.Photothermal nanocomposite membranes for direct solar membrane distillation[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2017,5:23712-23719.
[95]	MOHAMED E S,BOUTIKOS P,MATHIOULAKIS E,et al.Experimental evaluation of the performance and energy efficiency of a Vacuum Multi-Effect Membrane Distillation system[J].Desalination,2017,408:70-80.
[96]	XING Y LEI,QI C HUA,FENG H JUN,et al.Performance study of a pilot-scale multi-effect vacuum membrane distillation desalination plant[J].Desalination,2017,403:199-207.
[97]	LI X,QIN Y,LIU R,et al.Study on concentration of aqueous sulfuric acid solution by multiple-effect membrane distillation[J].Desalination,2012,307:34-41.
[98]	ALI E,ORFI J,ALANSARY H,et al.Integration of multi effect evaporation and membrane distillation desalination processes for enhanced performance and recovery ratios[J].Desalination,2020,493:114619.
[99]	LI Q,OMAR A,CHA-UMPONG W,et al.The potential of hollow fiber vacuum multi-effect membrane distillation for brine treatment[J].Applied Energy,2020,276:115437.
[100]	KHALIFA A E,ALAWAD S M.Air gap and water gap multistage membrane distillation for water desalination[J].Desalination,2018,437:175-183.
[101]	CHEN Q,MUHAMMAD B,AKHTAR F H,et al.Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of a vacuum multi-effect membrane distillation system[J].Desalination,2020,483:114413.
[102]	ALSAATI A,MARCONNET A M.Energy efficient membrane distillation through localized heating[J].Desalination,2018,442:99-107.
[103]	HOU D,DAI G,WANG J,et al.Boron removal and desalination from seawater by PVDF flat-sheet membrane through direct contact membrane distillation[J].Desalination,2013,326:115-124.
[104]	DAMTIE M M,WOO Y C,KIM B,et al.Removal of fluoride in membrane-based water and wastewater treatment technologies:performance review[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2019,251:109524.
[105]	ZAKRZEWSKA-TRZNADEL G,HARASIMOWICZ M,CHMIELEWSKI A G.Concentration of radioactive components in liquid low-level radioactive waste by membrane distillation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,1999,163:257-264.
[106]	KOROLKOV I V,YESZHANOV A B,ZDOROVETS M V,et al.Modification of PET ion track membranes for membrane distillation of low-level liquid radioactive wastes and salt solutions[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2019,227:115694.
[107]	LIU H,WANG J.Treatment of radioactive wastewater using direct contact membrane distillation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,261:307-315.
[108]	WEN X,LI F,ZHAO X.Removal of nuclides and boron from highly saline radioactive wastewater by direct contact membrane distillation[J].Desalination,2016,394:101-107.
[109]	XU L,WANG J,ZHANG X,et al.Development of a novel integrated membrane system incorporated with an activated coke adsorption unit for advanced coal gasification wastewater treatment[J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2015,484:99-107.
[110]	GE J,PENG Y,LI Z,et al.Membrane fouling and wetting in a DCMD process for RO brine concentration[J].Desalination,2014,344:97-107.
[111]	DUONG H C,CHIVAS A R,NELEMANS B,et al.Treatment of RO brine from CSG produced water by spiral-wound air gap membrane distillation:a pilot study[J].Desalination,2015,366:121-129.
[112]	BINDELS M,CARVALHO J,GONZALEZ C B,et al.Techno-economic assessment of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine treatment with air gap membrane distillation (AGMD)[J].Desalination,2020,489:114532.
[113]	JI X,CURCIO E,AL OBAIDANI S,et al.Membrane distillation-crystallization of seawater reverse osmosis brines[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2010,71:76-82.
[114]	SHAFFER D L,ARIAS CHAVEZ L H,BEN-SASSON M,et al.Desalination and reuse of high-salinity shale gas produced water:drivers,technologies,and future directions[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47:9569-9583.
[115]	TANG M,HOU D,DING C,et al.Anti-oil-fouling hydrophobic-superoleophobic composite membranes for robust membrane distillation performance[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,696:133883.
[116]	YAN Z,YANG H,QU F,et al.Reverse osmosis brine treatment using direct contact membrane distillation:effects of feed temperature and velocity[J].Desalination,2017,423:149-156.
[117]	MERICQ J P,LABORIE S,CABASSUD C.Vacuum membrane distillation of seawater reverse osmosis brines[J].Water Research,2010,44:5260-5273.
[118]	NGUYEN N C,NGUYEN H T,CHEN S S,et al.A novel osmosis membrane bioreactor-membrane distillation hybrid system for wastewater treatment and reuse[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,209:8-15.
[119]	SONG X,LUO W,MCDONALD J,et al.An anaerobic membrane bioreactor-membrane distillation hybrid system for energy recovery and water reuse:removal performance of organic carbon,nutrients,and trace organic contaminants[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,628/629:358-365.
[120]	LUO W,PHAN H V,LI G,et al.An osmotic membrane bioreactor-membrane distillation system for simultaneous wastewater reuse and seawater desalination:performance and implications[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,51:14311-14320.
[121]	KHAING T H,LI J,LI Y,et al.Feasibility study on petrochemical wastewater treatment and reuse using a novel submerged membrane distillation bioreactor[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2010,74:138-143.
[122]	GONZÁLEZ-BRAVO R,PONCE-ORTEGA J M,EL-HALWAGI M M.Optimal design of water desalination systems involving waste heat recovery[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research,2017,56:1834-1847.
[123]	BAMUFLEH H,ABDELHADY F,BAAQEEL H M,et al.Optimization of multi-effect distillation with brine treatment via membrane distillation and process heat integration[J].Desalination,2017,408:110-118.
[124]	MINIER-MATAR J,HUSSAIN A,JANSON A,et al.Field evaluation of membrane distillation technologies for desalination of highly saline brines[J].Desalination,2014,351:101-108.
[125]	CHEN G Z,LU Y H,KRANTZ W B,et al.Optimization of operating conditions for a continuous membrane distillation crystallization process with zero salty water discharge[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2014,450:1-11.
[126]	SHIN Y,SOHN J.Mechanisms for scale formation in simultaneous membrane distillation crystallization:effect of flow rate[J].Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,2016,35:318-324.
[127]	QUIST-JENSEN C A,ALI A,MONDAL S,et al.A study of membrane distillation and crystallization for lithium recovery from high-concentrated aqueous solutions[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2016,505:167-173.
[128]	CREUSEN R,VAN MEDEVOORT J,ROELANDS M,et al.Integrated membrane distillation-crystallization:process design and cost estimations for seawater treatment and fluxes of single salt solutions[J].Desalination,2013,323:8-16.
[129]	EDWIE F,CHUNG T S.Development of simultaneous membrane distillation-crystallization (SMDC) technology for treatment of saturated brine[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2013,98:160-172.
[130]	XIE M,NGHIEM L D,PRICE W E,et al.Toward resource recovery from wastewater:extraction of phosphorus from digested sludge using a hybrid forward osmosis-membrane distillation process[J].Environmental Science and Technology Letters,2014,1(2):191-195.
[131]	KWON D,BAE W,KIM J.Hybrid forward osmosis/membrane distillation integrated with anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor for advanced wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2021,404:124160.
[132]	ZOHRABIAN L,HANKINS N P,FIELD R W.Hybrid forward osmosis-membrane distillation system:demonstration of technical feasibility[J].Journal of Water Process Engineering,2020,33:101042.
[133]	KIM Y J,LI S,FRANCIS L,et al.Osmotically and thermally isolated forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) integrated module[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2019,53(7):3488-3498.
[134]	AL-FURAIJI M,BENES N,NIJMEIJER A,et al.Use of a forward osmosis-membrane distillation integrated process in the treatment of high-salinity oily wastewater[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research,2019,58:956-962.
[135]	VOLPIN F,CHEKLI L,PHUNTSHO S,et al.Optimisation of a forward osmosis and membrane distillation hybrid system for the treatment of source-separated urine[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2019,212:368-375.
[136]	LI J,HOU D Y,LI K L,et al.Domestic wastewater treatment by forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) integrated system[J].Water Science and Technology,2018,77(5/6):1514-1523.
[137]	RICCI B C,SKIBINSKI B,KOCH K,et al.Critical performance assessment of a submerged hybrid forward osmosis-membrane distillation system[J].Desalination,2019,468:114082.
[138]	NGUYEN N C,NGUYEN H T,HO S T,et al.Exploring high charge of phosphate as new draw solute in a forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid system for concentrating high-nutrient sludge[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,557/558:44-50.
[139]	ARCANJO G S,COSTA F C R,RICCI B C,et al.Draw solution solute selection for a hybrid forward osmosis-membrane distillation module:effects on trace organic compound rejection,water flux and polarization[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2020,400:125857.
[140]	BANAT F,JWAIED N,ROMMEL M,et al.Desalination by a ‘compact SMADES’ autonomous solarpowered membrane distillation unit[J].Desalination,2007,217:29-37.
[141]	QTAISHAT M R,BANAT F.Desalination by solar powered membrane distillation systems[J].Desalination,2013,308:186-197.
[142]	GUILLÉN-BURRIEZA E,BLANCO J,ZARAGOZA G,et al.Experimental analysis of an air gap membrane distillation solar desalination pilot system[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2011,379:386-396.
[143]	ZHANI K,ZARZOUM K,BEN BACHA H,et al.Autonomous solar powered membrane distillation systems:state of the art[J].Desalination and Water Treatment,2016,57:23038-23051.
[144]	THOMAS N,MAVUKKANDY M O,LOUTATIDOU S,et al.Membrane distillation research & implementation:lessons from the past five decades[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2017,189:108-127.
[145]	ASHOOR B BIN,GIWA A,HASAN S W.Full-scale membrane distillation systems and performance improvement through modeling:a review[M].Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes:Membrane Desalination Systems:The Next Generation Elsevier Inc.,2018.doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813551-8.00005-X.
[146]	浸没内交换式新型膜蒸馏器[EB/OL].http://www.sanomo.cn/product/.
[147]	垃圾飞灰资源化利用膜蒸馏系统[EB/OL].http://www.sanomo.cn/product/c-566.html (2015).
[148]	高难废水处理[EB/OL].http://www.sanomo.cn/product/c-589.html.
[149]	MD_膜蒸馏技术[EB/OL].http://www.memsinotech.com/default/technology/TechnoloyIndex?id=3.
[150]	LEMON^®低温膜蒸馏技术-废水脱盐、物料浓缩的一项革命性技术[EB/OL].http://www.csremzl.com/news-747166(2020).
[151]	杨兴娟,史志伟.新型盐水浓缩技术在离子膜烧碱生产中的应用研究[J].中国氯碱,2016(12):8-10.
[152]	孙奇.膜蒸馏技术应用:三氯化铁浓缩回收项目[EB/OL].http://www.csretech.com.cn/NewsDetail/1256103.html (2015).
[153]	孙奇.膜蒸馏技术应用:阳极氧化酸性废水浓缩减量[EB/OL].http://www.csretech.com.cn/NewsDetail/1256880.html (2016).
[154]	孙奇.膜蒸馏技术应用:大唐集团脱硫废水零排放[EB/OL].http://www.csretech.com.cn/NewsDetail/1256882.html (2016).
[155]	孙奇.膜蒸馏技术应用:西班牙某热镀锌厂盐酸回收项目[EB/OL].http://www.csretech.com.cn/NewsDetail/1256942.html (2016).
[156]	孙奇.膜蒸馏技术应用:生物化工氯化铵废水浓缩回用[EB/OL].http://www.csretech.com.cn/NewsDetail/1256881.html (2016).
[157]	孙奇.膜蒸馏技术应用:重金属废水零排放项目[EB/OL].http://www.csretech.com.cn/NewsDetail/1256886.html (2018).
[158]	孙奇.膜蒸馏技术应用:铅酸电池拆解废硫酸浓缩回用项目[EB/OL].http://www.csretech.com.cn/NewsDetail/1256885.html (2018).
[159]	高永刚,史志伟.膜蒸馏在火电厂脱硫废水零排工艺中的技术经济分析[J].华电技术,2020,42(3):25-30.
[160]	SAFFARINI R B,SUMMERS E K,ARAFAT H A,et al.Technical evaluation of stand-alone solar powered membrane distillation systems[J].Desalination,2012,286:332-341.
[161]	LU H M,WALTON J C,SWIFT A H P.Desalination coupled with salinity-gradient solar ponds[J].Desalination,2001,136(1/2/3):13-23.
[162]	KOSCHIKOWSKI J,WIEGHAUS M,ROMMEL M,et al.Experimental investigations on solar driven stand-alone membrane distillation systems for remote areas[J].Desalination,2009,248:125-131.
[163]	CAMACHO L M,DUMÉE L,ZHANG J,et al.Advances in membrane distillation for water desalination and purification applications[J].Water (Switzerland),2013,5:94-196.
[164]	KULLAB A,MARTIN A.Membrane distillation and applications for water purification in thermal cogeneration plants[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2011,76:231-237.
[165]	高盐废水处理系统[EB/OL].http://www.sanomo.cn/product/c-564.html (2015).