Abstract: The treatment of pig raising wastewater by traditional anaerobic fermentation methods has some limitations for application such as low efficiency, long cycle length, and strict environmental requirements, which cannot treat pig raising wastewater with high efficiency. In this paper, we filtered the suspended solids from pig rearing wastewater by using corn straw, based on an autonomous designed integrated resource-based utilization technology, comparatively studied the properties before and after wastewater filtration, and analyzed the bacterial and archaeal community composition and change characteristics of filtered pig rearing wastewater during anaerobic fermentation by using high-throughput sequencing. The results of this study showed that anaerobic fermentation process was condutcted by multiple microbial flora, and that the predominant bacterial taxa in filtered pig wastewater at different hydraulic residence times were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and the presence of spirochaetes was detected in all three samples except inoculum. In addition, the main archaeal group in wastewater was the phylum Guanggu, and the main acting bacteria were methanogens. Hydraulic retention time variation had a significant impact on archaeal community change, resulting in differential methanogenesis. The changes in microbial communities and wastewater indicators indicated that the comprehensive and resource-based technology of breeding waste reduced the treatment cost, and had reference significance for recycling wastewater resources from pig cultivation.