淡水中微塑料的来源、迁移途径及生态毒理效应综述

梁帅; 韩冰; 牛泽普; 赵凌栋; 顾晋饴; 王弯弯; 张利峰; 张杨

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202112001

淡水中微塑料的来源、迁移途径及生态毒理效应综述

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202112001

1. 黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院, 郑州 450003;
2. 中国地质大学水资源与环境学院, 北京 100083;
3. 黄河勘测规划设计研院有限公司, 郑州 450003

基金项目:

中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(HKY-JBYW-2018-07,HKY-JBYW-2019-10,HKY-JBYW2019-19,HKY-JBYW2020-33)

黄科院基本科研业务费专项项目(HKY-JBYW-2019-19)。

国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1508404,2018YFC0407401)

国家自然科学基金项目(51979120)

详细信息

作者简介:
梁帅(1994-),男,工程师,主要研究方向为水生态环境修复与污染治理。1781593064@qq.com

计量
- 文章访问数: 496
- HTML全文浏览量: 66
- PDF下载量: 29
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-10-12
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-30
- 刊出日期: 2022-03-30

SOURCE, MIGRATION AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICRO-PLASTICS IN FRESHWATER

1. Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research,Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, China;
2. College of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;
3. Yellow River Survey, Planning, Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou 450003, China

摘要

摘要: 目前,微塑料污染已成为全球性的环境问题。近年来针对微塑料的研究主要集中在海洋环境中,对于淡水环境中微塑料的研究相对匮乏。在综述淡水环境中微塑料的源-汇关系和迁移过程的基础上,探讨了淡水环境中水生生物摄入微塑料的途径和生态毒理效应及其作用机理。研究发现:水生生物摄入微塑料主要是通过误食、鳃呼吸或者食物链传递,微塑料进入生物体后可在腮、肠、肝、大脑和肌肉中迁移和累积。微塑料的生态毒性包括影响基因的表达、抑制酶的活性、导致代谢紊乱、器官组织病变和炎症反应、产生神经毒素、降低存活率和干扰正常行为等。此外,针对目前淡水环境中微塑料研究工作存在的问题进行了总结,并提出了相应的建议,为淡水环境中微塑料的生态效应和其他环境问题交互效应的研究提供科学指导。
- 淡水环境 /
- 微塑料 /
- 来源解析 /
- 迁移途径 /
- 生态毒理效应
Abstract: At present, micro-plastics pollution has become a global environmental problem. In recent years, researches on micro-plastics mainly focused on the marine environment, but researches on freshwater environment were relatively scarce. Based on the review of the source-sink relationship and migration process of micro-plastics in freshwater environment, this paper discussed the way of aquatic organisms ingesting micro-plastics, its eco-toxicological effect and mechanism. As results, the main ways for aquatic organisms to ingest micro-plastics were ingestion, gill respiration or food chain transmission. After entering the organism, micro-plastics could migrate and accumulate in the gills, intestines, liver, brain and muscles. The eco-toxicity of micro-plastics included affecting gene expression, inhibiting enzyme activity, causing metabolic disorders, organ tissue pathology and inflammation, producing neurotoxins, reducing survival rates, and interfering with normal behavior, etc. In addition, the existing problems in researches of micro-plastics in freshwater environment were summarized, and the corresponding suggestions were put forward. This article could provide scientific guidance for the studies on ecological effects of micro-plastics and the interactive effects of other environmental issues in freshwater environment.
- freshwater environment /
- micro-plastics /
- source analysis /
- migration pathway /
- eco-toxicological effect

HTML全文

参考文献(103)

[1]	THOMPSON R C,MOORE C J,VOM SAAL F S,et al.Plastics,the environment and human health:current consensus and future trends[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,2009,364:2153-2166.
[2]	Plastics Europe.Plastics-the facts 2016:an analysis of European plastics production,demand and waste data[EB/OL].2019,https://www.plasticseurope.org.
[3]	LAHENS L,STRADY E,KIEU-LE T C.Macroplastic and microplastic contamination assessment of a tropical river(Saigon River,Vietnam) transversed by a developing megacity[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,236:661-671.
[4]	EERKES-MEDRANO D,THOMPSON R C,ALDRIDGE D C.Microplastics in freshwater systems:a review of the emerging threats,identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs[J].Water Research,2015,75:63-82.
[5]	LI J Y,LIU H H,CHEN J P.Microplastics in freshwater systems:a review on occurrence,environmental effects,and methods for microplastics detection[J].Water Research,2018,137:362-374.
[6]	THOMPSON R C.Microplastics in the marine environment:sources,consequences and solutions[J].Marine Anthropogenic Litter,2015:185-200.
[7]	CAUWENBERGHE V L,DEVRIESE L,GALGANI F,et al.Microplastics in sediments:a review of techniques,occurrence and effects[J].Marine Environmental Research,2015,111:5-17.
[8]	COLE M,LINDEQUE P,HALSBAND C,et al.Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment:a review[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(12):2588-2597.
[9]	BARNES D K A,GALGANI F,THOMPSON R C,et al.Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2009,364(1526):1985-1998.
[10]	WRIGHT S L,ROWE D,THOMPSON R C,et al.Microplastic ingestion decreases energy reserves in marine worms[J].Current Biology,2013,23(23):R1031-R1033.
[11]	RYAN P G,MOORE C J,VAN FRANEKER J A,et al.Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2009,364(1526):1999-2012.
[12]	SUTHERLAND W J,CLOUT M,CÔTÉI M,et al.A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2020,25(1):1-7.
[13]	COLE M,LINDEQUE P,FILEMAN E,et al.The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding,function and fecundity in the marine copepod calanus helgolandicus[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2015,49(2):1130-1137.
[14]	QI Y L,YANG X M,PELAEZ A M,et al.Macro-and microplastics in soil-plant system:effects of plastic mulch film residues on wheat(Triticum aestivum) growth[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,645:1048-1056.
[15]	IUCN.“Marine plastics”[R].IUCN,2018,www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/marine-plastics.
[16]	VERLA A W,ENYOH C E,VERLA E N,et al.Microplastictoxic chemical interaction:a review study on quantifed levels,mechanism and implication[J].SN Applied Sciences,2019,1:1400.
[17]	FENDALL L S,SEWELL M A.Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face:microplastics in facial cleansers[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2019,58(8):1225-1228.
[18]	LESLIE H A.Review of Microplastics in Cosmetics-scientific background on a potential source of plastic particulate marine litter to support decision-making[R].IVM-Institute for Environmental Studies,Amsterdam,2014,https://www.resource-recovery.net/sites/default/files/leslie_plastic_ingredients_in_cosmetics_2014.pdf.
[19]	GOUIN T,ROCHE N,LOHMANN R,et al.A thermodynamic approach for assessing the environmental exposure of chemicals absorbed to microplastic[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2011,45(4):1466-1472.
[20]	LESLIE H A.Plastic in cosmetics:are we polluting the environment through our personal care[R].UNEP,2015,https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9664/Plastic_in_cosmetics_Are_we_polluting_the_environment_through_our_personal_care_-2015Plas.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y.
[21]	Grand View Research,Inc.Traffic Road Marking Coating Market Analysis By Product(Paint,Thermoplastic,Preformed Polymer Tape,Epoxy) And Segment-Forecasts To 2022[R].2016,https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-fructoo ligosaccharides-fos-market.
[22]	ETRMA.It’s all about competitiveness![R].The Annual Report 2010/2011,2011,http://www.etrma.org/default.asp.
[23]	EU commission.MICROPLASTICS Focus on food and health[R].2017,https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC110629/jrc110629_final.pdf.
[24]	BROWNE M A,GALLOWAY T,THOMPSON R.Microplastic-an emerging contaminant of potential concern[J].Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management,2007,3(4):559-561.
[25]	ESSEL R,ENGEL L,CARUS M,et al.Sources of microplastics relevant to marine protection in Germany[R].Umwelt Bundesamt,2015,64:45-48.
[26]	ANDRADY A L.Microplastics in the marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62:1596-1605.
[27]	WELDEN N A,COWIE P R.Degradation of common polymer ropes in a sublittoral marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,118(1/2):248-253.
[28]	GALGANI F,FLEET D,VAN FRANEKER J,et al.Task group10 report:marine litter[R].Marine Strategy Framework Directive,2011,https://library.wur.nl/Web Query/wurpubs/fulltext/174619.
[29]	TALSNESS C E,ANDRADE A J M,KURIYAMA S N,et al.Components of plastic:experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2009,364(1526):2079-2096.
[30]	HARRISON J P,HOELLEIN T J,SAPP M,et al.Microplasticassociated biofilms:a comparison of freshwater and marine environments[J].Freshwater Microplastics,2017:181-201.
[31]	O’BRINE T,THOMPSON R C.Degradation of plastic carrier bags in the marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60:2279-2283.
[32]	ROY P K,HAKKARAINEN M,VARMA I K,et al.Degradable polyethylene:fantasy or reality[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2011,45(10):4217-4227.
[33]	LEBRETON L C M,VAN DER ZWET J,DAMSTEEG J W,et al.River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans[J].Nature Communications,2017,8:15611.
[34]	BANAEE M,SOLTANIAN S,SUREDA A,et al.Evaluation of single and combined effects of cadmium and micro-plastic particles on biochemical and immunological parameters of common carp(Cyprinus carpio)[J].Chemosphere,2019,236:124335.
[35]	SHIMANAGA M,YANAGI K.The Ryukyu Trench may function as a“depocenter”for anthropogenic marine litter[J].Journal of Oceanography,2016,72(6):895-903.
[36]	MOORE C J.Synthetic polymers in the marine environment:a rapidly increasing,long-term threat[J].Environmental Research,2008,108(2):131-139.
[37]	SCHMIDT C,KRAUTH T,WAGNER S.Correction to export of plastic debris by rivers into the sea[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2018,52(2):927.
[38]	LECHNER A,KECKEIS H,LUMESBERGER-LOISL F,et al.The Danube so colourful:a potpourri of plastic litter outnumbers fish larvae in Europe’s second largest river[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,188:177-181.
[39]	CARR S A,LIU J,TESORO A G.Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Research,2016,91:174-182.
[40]	SUN J,DAI X H,WANG Q L,et al.Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants:detection,occurrence and removal[J].Water Research,2019,152:21-37.
[41]	BELJANSKI A,COLE C,FUXA F,et al.Efficiency and effectiveness of a low-cost,self-cleaning microplastic filtering system for wastewater treatment plants[J].Proceedings of The National Conference,2016:1387-1395.
[42]	LOZANO R L,MOUAT J.Marine litter in the north-east atlantic region:assessment and priorities for response[M].KIMOInternational,2009.
[43]	GREGORY M R.Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings--entanglement,ingestion,smothering,hangers-on,hitch-hiking and alien invasions[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,2009,364(1526):2013-2025.
[44]	BOUWMAN L,BEUSEN A,GLIBERT P M,et al.Mariculture:significant and expanding cause of coastal nutrient enrichment[J].Environmental Research Letters,2013,8(4):925-932.
[45]	FAO.The State of World fisheries and aquaculture 2016:contributing to food security and nutrition for all,Rome[R].Food and Agriculture Organization,2016,http://www.doc88.com/p-4724548855396.html.
[46]	SONG Y K,HONG S H,JANG M,et al.Combined effects of UVexposure duration and mechanical abrasion on microplastic fragmentation by polymer type[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(8):4368-4376.
[47]	CHEN M L,JIN M,TAO P R.Assessment of microplastics derived from mariculture in Xiangshan Bay,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,242:1146-1156.
[48]	DRIS R,GASPERI J,ROCHER V,et al.Microplastic contamination in an urban area:a case study in Greater Paris[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,12(5):592-599.
[49]	DRIS R,GASPERI J,SAAD M,et al.Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout:a source of microplastics in the environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,104(1/2):290-293.
[50]	CAI L Q,WANG J D,PENG J P,et al.Characteristic of microplastics in the atmospheric fallout from Dongguan city,China:preliminary research and first evidence[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(32):24928-24935.
[51]	DEHGHANI S,MOORE F,AKHBARIZADEH R.Microplastic pollution in deposited urban dust,Tehran metropolis,Iran[J].Environmental ence and Pollution Research,2017,24(8):1-12.
[52]	BERGMANN M,MÜTZEL S,PRIMPKE S,et al.White and wonderful?Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic[J].Science Advances,2019,5(8):eaax1157.
[53]	马乃龙,程勇,张利兰.微塑料的生态毒理效应研究及展望[J].环境保护科学,2018,44(6):121-127.
[54]	WANG J,LI Y J,LU L,et al.Polystyrene microplastics cause tissue damages,sex-specific reproductive disruption and transgenerational effects in marine medaka(Oryzias melastigma)[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,254:113024.
[55]	LEI L L,LIU M T,SONG Y,et al.Polystyrene(nano)microplastics cause size-dependent neurotoxicity,oxidative damage and other adverse effects in Caenorhabditis elegans [J].Environmental Science Nano,2018,5(8):2009-2020.
[56]	JU H,ZHU D,QIAO M.Effects of polyethylene microplastics on the gut microbial community,reproduction and avoidance behaviors of the soil springtail,Folsomia candida[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,247:890-897.
[57]	REHSE S,KLOAS W,ZARFL,C.Short-term exposure with high concentrations of pristine microplastic particles leads to immobilisation of Daphnia magna[J].Chemosphere,2016,153:91-99.
[58]	NOLTE T M,HARTMANN N B,KLEIJN J M,et al.The toxicity of plastic nanoparticles to green algae as influenced by surface modification,medium hardness and cellular adsorption[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2017,183:11-20.
[59]	LIMONTA G,MANCIA A,BENKHALQUI A,et al.Microplastics inducetranscriptional changes,immune response and behavioral alterations in adult zebrafish[J].Scientific Reports,2019,9(1):15775.
[60]	DÉTRÉE C,GALLARDO-ESCÁRATE C.Single and repetitive microplastics exposures induce immune system modulation and homeostasis alteration in the edible mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology,2018,83:52-60.
[61]	WAN Z J,WANG C Y,ZHOU J J,et al.Effects of polystyrene microplastics on the composition of the microbiome and metabolism in larval zebrafish[J].Chemosphere,2019,217:646-658.
[62]	MAK C W,CHING-FONG Y K,CHAN K M.Acute toxic effects of polyethylene microplastic on adult zebrafish[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2019,182:109442.
[63]	ROCHMAN C M,KUROBE T,FLORES I,et al.Early warning signs of endocrine disruption in adult fish from the ingestion of polyethylene with and without sorbed chemical pollutants from the marine environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:656-661.
[64]	BARBOZA L G A,VIEIRA L R,BRANCO V,et al.Microplastics cause neurotoxicity,oxidative damage and energyrelated changes and interact with the bioaccumulation of mercury in the European seabass,Dicentrarchus labrax(Linnaeus,1758)[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2018,195:49-57.
[65]	DING J,ZHANG S,RAZANAJATOVO R M,et al.Accumulation,tissue distribution,and biochemical effects of polystyrene microplastics in the freshwater fish red tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) [J].Environmental Pollution,2108,238:1-9.
[66]	PAUL-PONT I,LACROIX C,GONZÁLEZ F C,et al.Exposure of marine mussels Mytilus spp. to polystyrene microplastics:toxicity and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation [J].Environmental Pollution,2016,216:724-737.
[67]	PANNETIER P,MORIN B,LE BIHANIC F,et al.Environmental samples of microplastics induce significant toxic effects in fish larvae[J].Environment International,2020,134:105047.
[68]	AŠMONAITE·G,SUNDH H,ASKER N,et al.Rainbow trout maintain intestinal transport and barrier functions following exposure to polystyrene microplastics[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2018,52(48):14392-14401.
[69]	JACOB H,GILSON A,LANCTÔT C,et al.No effect of polystyrene microplastics on foraging activity and survival in a postlarvae coral-reef fish acanthurus triostegus[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2019,102(4):457-461.
[70]	LU Y F,ZHANG Y,DENG Y F,et al.Uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish(Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50(7):4054-4060.
[71]	QIAO R X,SHENG C,LU Y F,et al.Microplastics induce intestinal inflammation,oxidative stress,and disorders of metabolome and microbiome in zebrafish[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,662:246-253.
[72]	LEI L L,WU S Y,LU S B,et al.Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619/620:1-8.
[73]	BLARER P,BURKHARDT-HOLM P.Microplastics affect assimilation efficiency in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(23):23522-23532.
[74]	BHATTACHARYA P,LIN S,TURNER J P,et al.Physical adsorption of charged plastic nanoparticles affects algal photosynthesis[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2010,114(39):16556-16561.
[75]	YIN L Y,LIU H Y,CUI H W,et al.Impacts of polystyrene microplastics on the behavior and metabolism in a marine demersal teleost,black rockfish(Sebastes schlegelii) [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2019,380:120861.
[76]	PITT J A,KOZAL J S,JAYASUNDARA N,et al.Uptake,tissue distribution,and toxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in developing zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2018,194:185-194.
[77]	MATTSSON K,EKVALL M T,HANSSON L A,et al.Altered behavior,physiology,and metabolism in fish exposed to polystyrene nanoparticles[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2014,49(1):553-561.
[78]	MATTSSON K,JOHNSON E V,MALMENDAL A,et al.Brain damage and behavioural disorders in fish induced by plastic nanoparticles delivered through the food chain[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):11452.
[79]	CONG Y,JIN F,TIAN M,et al.Ingestion,egestion and postexposure effects of polystyrene microspheres on marine medaka(Oryzias melastigma)[J].Chemosphere,2019,228:93-100.
[80]	MALAFAIA G,de SOUZA A M,PEREIRA A C,et al.Developmental toxicity in zebrafish exposed to pristine polyethylene microplastics under static and semi-static systems[J].Science of the Total Environment,2020,700:134867.
[81]	MAZURAIS D,ERNANDE B,QUAZUGUEL P,et al.Evaluation of the impact of polyethylene microbeads ingestion in European sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae[J].Marine Environmental Research,2015,112:78-85.
[82]	KARAMI A,GOLIESKARDI A,KEONG CHOO C,et al.The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):46173.
[83]	BBC.Indonesian Study into Health Risks of Microplastics[R/OL].2018.http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43913597 Accessed 09/03/2019.
[84]	WRIGHT S L,KELLY F J.Plastic and human health:a micro issue[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(12):6634-6647.
[85]	GASPERI J,WRIGHT S L,DRIS R,et al.Microplastics in air:are we breathing it in?[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health,2018,1:1-5.
[86]	YONG C Q Y,VALIYAVEETILL S,TANG B L.Toxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics in mammalian systems[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2020,17(5):1509.
[87]	WU C X,ZHANG K,HUANG X L,et al.Sorption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products to polyethylene debris[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(9):8819-8826.
[88]	BAKIR A,ROWLAND S J,THOMPSON R C.Enhanced desorption of persistent organic pollutants from microplastics under simulated physiological conditions[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,185:16-23.
[89]	TURNER A,HOLMES L A.Adsorption of trace metals by microplastic pellets in fresh water[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,12(5):600-610.
[90]	WANG F,SHIH K M,LI X Y.The partition behavior of perfluorooctanesulfonate(PFOS) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide(FOSA) on microplastics[J].Chemosphere,2015,119:841-847.
[91]	KOELMANS A A,BAKIR A,BURTON G A,et al.Microplastic as a vector for chemicals in the aquatic environment:critical review and model-supported reinterpretation of empirical studies [J].Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50(7):3315-3326.
[92]	VEDOLIN M C,TEOPHILO C Y S,TURRA A,et al.Spatial variability in the concentrations of metals in beached microplastics[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2018,129(2):487-493.
[93]	BRENNECKE D,DUARTE B,PAIVA F,et al.Microplastics as vector for heavy metal contamination from the marine environment[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2016,178:189-195.
[94]	RAINIERI S,CONLLEDO N,LARSEN B K,et al.Combined effects of microplastics and chemical contaminants on the organ toxicity of zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Environmental Research,2018,162:135-143.
[95]	SLEIGHT V A,BAKIR A,THOMPSON R C,et al.Assessment of microplastic-sorbed contaminant bioavailability through analysis of biomarker gene expression in larval zebrafish[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,116(1/2):291-297.
[96]	CHEN Q Q,YIN D Q,JIA Y L,et al.Enhanced uptake of BPAin the presence of nanoplastics can lead to neurotoxic effects in adult zebrafish[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,609:1312-1321.
[97]	LU L,WAN Z Q,LUO T,et al.Polystyrene microplastics induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder in mice[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,631/632:449-458.
[98]	GREVEN A C,MERK T,KARAGÖZ F,et al.Polycarbonate and polystyrene nanoplastic particles act as stressors to the innate immune system of fathead minnow(Pimephales promelas)[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2016,35(12):3093-3100.
[99]	KARAMI A,ROMANO N,GALLOWAY T,et al. Virgin microplastics cause toxicity and modulate the impacts of phenanthrene on biomarker responses in African catfish(Clarias gariepinus)[J].Environmental Research,2016,151:58-70.
[100]	CHOI J S,HONG S H,PARK J W.Evaluation of microplastic toxicity in accordance with different sizes and exposure times in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicas[J].Marine Environmental Research,2020,153:104838.
[101]	ESPINOSA C,GARCÍA BELTRÁN J M,et al.In vitro effects of virgin microplastics on fish head-kidney leucocyte activities[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,235:30-38.
[102]	YANG H,XIONG H R,MI K H,et al.Toxicity comparison of nano-sized and micron-sized microplastics to goldfish carassius auratus larvae[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2020,388:122058.
[103]	LEMOINE C M R,KELLEHER B M,LAGARDE R,et al.Transcriptional effects of polyethylene microplastics ingestion in developing zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,243:591-600.