污水再生与增值利用的碳排放研究进展

罗雨莉; 潘艺蓉; 马嘉欣; 王嘉媛; 李春曜; 陈振鹏; 王旭

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202206011

污水再生与增值利用的碳排放研究进展

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202206011

罗雨莉^1,2,3,
潘艺蓉^1,2,3,
马嘉欣^1,2,3,
王嘉媛^1,2,3,
李春曜³,
陈振鹏³,
王旭^3, ,

1. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心, 北京 100085;
2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;
3. 哈尔滨工业大学(深圳) 城市水资源与水环境国家重点实验室, 广东深圳 518055

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(51922013)

深圳市高层次人才团队项目(KQTD201909209172630447)

详细信息

作者简介:
罗雨莉(1998-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为城市水系统模拟与评估。ylluo2019_st@rcees.ac.cn

通讯作者:
王旭(1985-),男,教授,主要研究方向为水污染控制与资源化。wangxu2021@hit.edu.cn

计量
- 文章访问数: 222
- HTML全文浏览量: 22
- PDF下载量: 16
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-02-10
- 网络出版日期: 2022-09-01
- 刊出日期: 2022-09-01

RESEARCH ADVANCES ON CARBON EMISSION OF WASTEWATER RESOURCE RECOVERY AND VALORIZATION

LUO Yuli^1,2,3,
PAN Yirong^1,2,3,
MA Jiaxin^1,2,3,
WANG Jiayuan^1,2,3,
LI Chunyao³,
CHEN Zhenpeng³,
WANG Xu^{3
, ,}

1. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3. State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

摘要

摘要: 资源紧缺与气候变化已成为制约人类繁荣发展的巨大挑战。如何对污水资源进行再生利用是循环经济发展的重要议题之一,也是污水治理低碳转型的潜在路径。以再生水、能源、微生物蛋白和鸟粪石等污水资源化产品为研究对象,分析总结了不同污水资源化技术与工艺的生命周期碳排放研究现状。分析指出,污水再生与增值利用具有可观的减碳效益,但应结合利用场景在系统水平开展量化评估。此外,数据来源、系统边界和功能单位等是碳排放评估的关键影响因素。未来,揭示污水再生与增值利用全生命周期过程的碳减排效益,提出污水资源化利用的零(负)碳技术路径,发展污水治理协同资源化的低碳模式,也应是亟待解决的科技难题。
- 污水处理 /
- 资源回收 /
- 增值利用 /
- 碳排放 /
- 生命周期影响
Abstract: Resource scarcity and climate change have become grand challenges affecting human prosperity.How to reuse valuable resources from wastewater is important to achieve circular economy,and low-carbon transformation of wastewater treatment.This review is intended to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art in research on both direct and indirect carbon emissions of different wastewater resource recovery technologies and processes,with the aim of producing clean water,energy,microbial protein,struvite,and other high value-added products.We found that wastewater resource recovery and valorization could create substantial benefits in reducing unwanted carbon emissions,but the advantages would vary with different end-use practices,which reflects the necessity of the inclusion of contextual scenarios in system analysis.Moreover,we highlighted the importance of data source,system boundary,and functional unit,since they would greatly influence the results of a carbon emission assessment.Last but not the least,we also claimed that many future efforts are still needed to analyze the life cycle carbon reduction effects attributed to wastewater resource recovery and valorization,create novel approaches enabling zero-emission or even negative emissions of greenhouse gases through wastewater resource valorization,and eventually evolve wastewater treatment and resource recovery schemes in a truly carbon-free manner.
- wastewater treatment /
- resource recovery /
- valorization /
- carbon emission /
- life cycle impacts

HTML全文

参考文献(101)

[1]	VAN VUUREN D P, BIJL D L, BOGAART P, et al. Integrated scenarios to support analysis of the food-energy-water nexus[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2019,2(12):1132-1141.
[2]	MCCARTY P L, BAE J, KIM J. Domestic wastewater treatment as a net energy producer-can this be achieved?[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2011,45(17):7100-7106.
[3]	LI W W, YU H Q, RITTMANN B E. Chemistry:reuse water pollutants[J]. Nature, 2015,528(7580):29-31.
[4]	LU L, GUEST J S, PETERS C A, et al. Wastewater treatment for carbon capture and utilization[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2018,1(12):750-758.
[5]	ALLOUL A, GANIGUE R, SPILLER M, et al. Capture-ferment-upgrade:a three-step approach for the valorization of sewage organics as commodities[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2018,52(12):6729-6742.
[6]	PUYOL D, BATSTONE D J, HVLSEN T, et al. Resource recovery from wastewater by biological technologies:opportunities, challenges, and prospects[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2016,7:2106.
[7]	SFEZ S, DE MEESTER S, VLAEMINCK S E, et al. Improving the resource footprint evaluation of products recovered from wastewater:a discussion on appropriate allocation in the context of circular economy[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2019,148:132-144.
[8]	WANG X, DAIGGER G, LEE D J, et al. Evolving wastewater infrastructure paradigm to enhance harmony with nature[J]. Science Advances, 2018,4(8):eaaq0210.
[9]	RAHMAN S M, ECKELMAN M J, ONNIS-HAYDEN A, et al. Life-cycle assessment of advanced nutrient removal technologies for wastewater treatment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2016,50(6):3020-3030.
[10]	SINGH P, KANSAL A, CARLIELL-MARQUET C. Energy and carbon footprints of sewage treatment methods[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016,165:22-30.
[11]	WANG X H, WANG X, HUPPES G, et al. Environmental implications of increasingly stringent sewage discharge standards in municipal wastewater treatment plants:case study of a cool area of China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015,94:278-283.
[12]	LARSEN T A. CO₂-neutral wastewater treatment plants or robust, climate-friendly wastewater management?a systems perspective[J]. Water Research, 2015,87:513-521.
[13]	COROMINAS L, BYRNE D M, GUEST J S, et al. The application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to wastewater treatment:a best practice guide and critical review[J]. Water Research, 2020,184:116058.
[14]	WANG X, LIU J X, REN N Q, et al. Assessment of multiple sustainability demands for wastewater treatment alternatives:a refined evaluation scheme and case study[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2012,46(10):5542-5549.
[15]	FANG L L, VALVERDE-PÉREZ B, DAMGAARD A, et al. Life cycle assessment as development and decision support tool for wastewater resource recovery technology[J]. Water Research, 2016,88:538-549.
[16]	FARAGO M, DAMGAARD A, MADSEN J A, et al. From wastewater treatment to water resource recovery:environmental and economic impacts of full-scale implementation[J]. Water Research, 2021, 204:117554.
[17]	谢淘,汪诚文,污水处理厂温室气体排放评估[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2012,52(4):473-477.
[18]	冯玉杰,张照韩,于艳玲,等.基于资源和能源回收的城市污水可持续处理技术研究进展[J].化学工业与工程, 2015,32(5):20-28.
[19]	柴春燕,冯玉杰.污水能源资源回收利用全球工程应用进展[J].中国给水排水, 2016,32(24):14-19.
[20]	杨庆,王亚鑫,曹效鑫,等.污水处理碳中和运行技术研究进展[J].北京工业大学学报, 2022,48(3):292-305.
[21]	曲久辉,吴乾元,穆杨,等.城市污水再生与循环利用的关键基础科学问题[J].中国基础科学, 2017,19(1):6-12.
[22]	ARZATE S, PFISTER S, OBERSCHELP C, et al. Environmental impacts of an advanced oxidation process as tertiary treatment in a wastewater treatment plant[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,694:133572.
[23]	MUNOZ I, RODRIGUEZ A, ROSAL R, et al. Life Cycle Assessment of urban wastewater reuse with ozonation as tertiary treatment:a focus on toxicity-related impacts[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2009,407(4):1245-1256.
[24]	PUB. NEWater[EB/OL]. https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/newater.2019-1-9.
[25]	STOCKER T F, QIN D, PLATTNER G K, et al. Climate change 2013:the physical science basis[R]. New York, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014:1531-1535.
[26]	PIAO W, KIM Y, KIM H, et al. Life cycle assessment and economic efficiency analysis of integrated management of wastewater treatment plants[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,113:325-337.
[27]	ZENG S Y, CHEN X, DONG X, et al. Efficiency assessment of urban wastewater treatment plants in China:considering greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2017,120:157-165.
[28]	BAO Z Y, SUN S C, SUN D Z. Assessment of greenhouse gas emission from A/O and SBR wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China[J]. International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation, 2016,108:108-114.
[29]	NGUYEN T K L, NGO H H, GUO W, et al. Insight into greenhouse gases emissions from the two popular treatment technologies in municipal wastewater treatment processes[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,671:1302-1313.
[30]	WANG D, GUO F, WU Y H, et al. Technical, economic and environmental assessment of coagulation/filtration tertiary treatment processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017,170:1185-1194.
[31]	TARPANI R R Z, AZAPAGIC A. Life cycle environmental impacts of advanced wastewater treatment techniques for removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018,215:258-272.
[32]	PINTILIE L, TORRES C M, TEODOSIU C, et al. Urban wastewater reclamation for industrial reuse:an LCA case study[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,139:1-14.
[33]	RAHMAN S M, ECKELMAN M J, ONNIS-HAYDEN A, et al. Comparative life cycle assessment of advanced wastewater treatment processes for removal of chemicals of emerging concern[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2018,52(19):11346-11358.
[34]	CANAJ K, MEHMETI A, MORRONE D, et al. Life cycle-based evaluation of environmental impacts and external costs of treated wastewater reuse for irrigation:a case study in southern Italy[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021,293:126142.
[35]	徐建英,魏东斌.城镇杂用再生水的水质安全评价关键指标探讨[J].环境污染与防治, 2009,31(1):97-100.
[36]	王谦,王秋茹,王秀蘅,等.城市雨源型河流生态补水治理案例研究[J].给水排水, 2017,53(10):47-53.
[37]	FOURNIER E D, KELLER A A, GEYER R, et al. Investigating the energy-water usage efficiency of the reuse of treated municipal wastewater for artificial groundwater recharge[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2016,50(4):2044-2053.
[38]	魏东斌,胡洪营.污水再生回用的水质安全指标体系[J].中国给水排水, 2004,20(1):36-39.
[39]	盛丰,张敏,薛如霞,等.灌溉水中盐分对土壤结构性质及水流运动特征的影响[J].水利学报, 2019,50(3):346-355.
[40]	何安琪,何苗,施汉昌.城市污水再生回用于景观水体水质安全保障技术[J].环境工程, 2006,24(1):22-23 ,32.
[41]	王绍华,赵庆良,任艳琴.再生水水质对冷却水系统结垢的影响研究[J].环境保护科学, 2011,37(1):14-17.
[42]	MENESES M, PASQUALINO J C, CASTELLS F. Environmental assessment of urban wastewater reuse:treatment alternatives and applications[J]. Chemosphere, 2010,81(2):266-272.
[43]	HSIEN C, LOW J, FUCHEN S C, et al. Life cycle assessment of water supply in Singapore:a water-scarce urban city with multiple water sources[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2019,151:104476.
[44]	ARDEN S, MORELLI B, CASHMAN S, et al. Onsite non-potable reuse for large buildings:environmental and economic suitability as a function of building characteristics and location[J]. Water Research, 2020,191:116635.
[45]	HAO X D, LI J, van LOOSDRECHT M C M, et al. Energy recovery from wastewater:heat over organics[J]. Water Research, 2019,161:74-77.
[46]	MO W W, ZHANG Q. Can municipal wastewater treatment systems be carbon neutral?[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2012,112:360-367.
[47]	DIAMANTIS V, VERSTRAETE W, EFTAXIAS A, et al. Sewage pre-concentration for maximum recovery and reuse at decentralized level[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2013,67(6):1188-1193.
[48]	MEERBURG F A, BOON N, WINCKEL T V, et al. Toward energy-neutral wastewater treatment:a high-rate contact stabilization process to maximally recover sewage organics[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015,179:373-381.
[49]	SHOENER B D, ZHONG C, GREINER A D, et al. Design of anaerobic membrane bioreactors for the valorization of dilute organic carbon waste streams[J]. Energy&Environmental Science, 2016,9(3):1102-1112.
[50]	SARPONG G, GUDE V G, MAGBANUA B S. Energy autarky of small scale wastewater treatment plants by enhanced carbon capture and codigestion:a quantitative analysis[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019,199:111999.
[51]	WU D, LI X Z, LI X D. Toward energy neutrality in municipal wastewater treatment:a systematic analysis of energy flow balance for different scenarios[J]. ACS ES&T Water, 2021,1(4):796-807.
[52]	KHIEWWIJIT R, TEMMINK H, RIJNAARTS H, et al. Energy and nutrient recovery for municipal wastewater treatment:how to design a feasible plant layout?[J]. Environmental Modelling&Software, 2015,68:156-165.
[53]	ALVARADO V I, HSU S C, LAM C M, et al. Beyond energy balance:environmental trade-offs of organics capture and low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio sewage treatment systems[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2020,54(8):4746-4757.
[54]	COGERT K I, ZIELS R M, WINKLER M K H. Reducing cost and environmental impact of wastewater treatment with denitrifying methanotrophs, anammox, and mainstream anaerobic treatment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2019,53(21):12935-12944.
[55]	LOPES A C, VALENTE A, IRIBARREN D, et al. Energy balance and life cycle assessment of a microalgae-based wastewater treatment plant:a focus on alternative biogas uses[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 270:138-146.
[56]	黄英明,王伟良,李元广,等.微藻能源技术开发和产业化的发展思路与策略[J].生物工程学报, 2010,26(7):907-913.
[57]	PANG H L, LI L, HE J G, et al. New insight into enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids from waste activated sludge by cation exchange resin-induced hydrolysis[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020,388:124235.
[58]	郝晓地,程慧芹,胡沅胜.碳中和运行的国际先驱奥地利Strass污水厂案例剖析[J].中国给水排水, 2014,30(22):1-5.
[59]	SCHAUBROECK D, CLIPPELEIR, et al. Environmental sustainability of an energy self-sufficient sewage treatment plant:Improvements through DEMON and co-digestion[J]. Water Research, 2015,74:166-179.
[60]	QU J H, WANG H C, WANG K J, et al. Municipal wastewater treatment in China:development history and future perspectives[J]. Frontiers Environmental Science&Engineering, 2019,13(6):88.
[61]	AMMAR Y, JOYCE S, NORMAN R, et al. Low grade thermal energy sources and uses from the process industry in the UK[J]. Applied Energy, 2012,89(1):3-20.
[62]	郝晓地,叶嘉洲,李季,等.污水热能利用现状与潜在用途[J].中国给水排水, 2019,35(18):15-22.
[63]	WANNER O, PANAGIOTIDIS V, CLAVADETSCHER P, et al. Effect of heat recovery from raw wastewater on nitrification and nitrogen removal in activated sludge plants[J]. Water Research, 2005,39(19):4725-4734.
[64]	张静,陈洪斌,戴晓虎,等.污水源热泵系统的研究与应用进展[J].中国给水排水, 2013,29(14):16-20.
[65]	PEKTAS D. A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) study of centralized and decentralized wastewater heat recovery in stockholm, sweden[D]. Stockholm, Sweden:KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021.
[66]	HADENGUE B, JOSHI P, FIGUEROA A, et al. In-building heat recovery mitigates adverse temperature effects on biological wastewater treatment:a network-scale analysis of thermal-hydraulics in sewers[J]. Water Research, 2021,204:117552.
[67]	HAWLEY C, FENNER R. The potential for thermal energy recovery from wastewater treatment works in southern England[J]. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 2012,3(4):287-299.
[68]	CECCONET D, RAEK J, CALLEGARI A, et al. Energy recovery from wastewater:a study on heating and cooling of a multipurpose building with sewage-reclaimed heat energy[J]. Sustainability, 2019,12(1):116.
[69]	CHAE K J, KANG J. Estimating the energy independence of a municipal wastewater treatment plant incorporating green energy resources[J]. Energy Conversion&Management, 2013,75:664-672.
[70]	LAM K L, VAN DER HOEK J P. Low-carbon urban water systems:opportunities beyond water and wastewater utilities?[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2020,54(23):14854-14861.
[71]	郝晓地,赵梓丞,李季,等.污水处理厂的能源与资源回收方式及其碳排放核算:以芬兰Kakolanmäki污水处理厂为例[J].环境工程学报, 2021,15(9):2849-2857.
[72]	Global District Energy Climate Awards. The new wastewater treatment plant substituted for five old ones[EB/OL].[2021-06-01]. https://www.districtenergyaward.org/winners/2011-2/, 2009-04-09.
[73]	王旭,刘玉,罗雨莉,等.基于高附加值产品的废水资源化技术发展趋势与应用展望[J].环境工程学报, 2020,14(8):2011-2019.
[74]	RITALA A, HÄKKINEN S T, TOIVARI M, et al. Single cell protein-state-of-the-art, industrial landscape and patents 2001-2016[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2017,8:2009.
[75]	ANUPAMA, RAVINDRA P. Value-added food:single cell protein[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2000,18(6):459-479.
[76]	MATASSA S, BOON N, PIKAAR I, et al. Microbial protein:future sustainable food supply route with low environmental footprint[J]. Microbial Biotechnology, 2016,9(5):568-575.
[77]	PIKAAR I, MATASSA S, BODIRSKY B L, et al. Decoupling livestock from land use through industrial feed production pathways[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2018,52(13):7351-7359.
[78]	KHOSHNEVISAN B, TSAPEKOS P, ZHANG Y, et al. Urban biowaste valorization by coupling anaerobic digestion and single cell protein production[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019,290:121743.
[79]	MATASSA S, VERSTRAETE W, PIKAAR I, et al. Autotrophic nitrogen assimilation and carbon capture for microbial protein production by a novel enrichment of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria[J]. Water Research, 2016,101:137-146.
[80]	ALLOUL A, WUYTS S, LEBEER S, et al. Volatile fatty acids impacting phototrophic growth kinetics of purple bacteria:paving the way for protein production on fermented wastewater[J]. Water Research, 2019,152:138-147.
[81]	MATASSA S, BATSTONE D J, HVLSEN T, et al. Can direct conversion of used nitrogen to new feed and protein help feed the world?[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2015,49(9):5247-5254.
[82]	MATASSA S, BOON N, VERSTRAETE W. Resource recovery from used water:the manufacturing abilities of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria[J]. Water Research, 2015,68:467-478.
[83]	WERNET G, BAUER C, STEUBING B, et al. The ecoinvent database version 3(part Ⅰ):overview and methodology[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2016, 21(9):1218-1230.
[84]	LATURNER Z W, BENNETT G N, SAN K Y, et al. Single cell protein production from food waste using purple non-sulfur bacteria shows economically viable protein products have higher environmental impacts[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020,276:123114.
[85]	DOYLE J D, PARSONS S A. Struvite formation, control and recovery[J]. Water Research, 2002,36(16):3925-3940.
[86]	EGLE L, RECHBERGER H, KRAMPE J, et al. Phosphorus recovery from municipal wastewater:an integrated comparative technological, environmental and economic assessment of P recovery technologies[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016,571:522-542.
[87]	SENA M, HICKS A. Life cycle assessment review of struvite precipitation in wastewater treatment[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2018,139:194-204.
[88]	AMANN A, ZOBOLI O, KRAMPE J, et al. Environmental impacts of phosphorus recovery from municipal wastewater[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2018,130:127-139.
[89]	SENA M, SEIB M, NOGUERA D R, et al. Environmental impacts of phosphorus recovery through struvite precipitation in wastewater treatment[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021,280:124222.
[90]	ROLDÁN M, BOUZAS A, SECO A, et al. An integral approach to sludge handling in a WWTP operated for EBPR aiming phosphorus recovery:simulation of alternatives, LCA and LCC analyses[J]. Water Research, 2020,175:115647.
[91]	PAN Y R, WANG X, REN Z J, et al. Characterization of implementation limits and identification of optimization strategies for sustainable water resource recovery through life cycle impact analysis[J]. Environment International, 2019,133:105266.
[92]	SPILLER M, MUYS M, PAPINI G, et al. Environmental impact of microbial protein from potato wastewater as feed ingredient:comparative consequential life cycle assessment of three production systems and soybean meal[J]. Water Research, 2019,171:115406.
[93]	CORNEJO P, HANG Q, MIHELCIC J R. How does scale of implementation impact the environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment integrated with resource recovery?[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2016,5013):6680-6689.
[94]	HAO X D, WANG X Y, LIU R B, et al. Environmental impacts of resource recovery from wastewater treatment plants[J]. Water Research, 2019,160:268-277.
[95]	RISCH E, GUTIERRE O, ROUX P, et al. Life cycle assessment of urban wastewater systems:quantifying the relative contribution of sewer systems[J]. Water Research, 2015,77:35-48.
[96]	MORGAN-SAGASTUME F, HEIMERSSON S, LAERA G, et al. Techno-environmental assessment of integrating polyhydroxyalanoatePHA) production with services of municipal wastewater treatment[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,137:1368-1381.
[97]	OBAYASHI Y, ASHBOLT N J, DAVIES E G R, et al. Life cycle assessment of decentralied greywater treatment systems with reuse at different scales in cold regions[J]. Environment International, 2020,134:105215.
[98]	RODRIGUE-GARCIA G, MOLINOS-SENANTE M, HOSPIDO A, et al. Environmental and economic profile of six typologies of wastewater treatment plants[J]. Water Research, 2011,4518):5997-6010.
[99]	PFLUGER A R, CALLAHAN J L, STOES-DRAUT J, et al. Lifecycle comparison of mainstream anaerobic baffled reactor and conventional activated sludge systems for domestic wastewater treatment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2018,5218):10500-10510.
[100]	PRADEL M, AISSANI L. Environmental impacts of phosphorus recovery from a "product" Life Cycle Assessment perspective:allocating burdens of wastewater treatment in the production of sludge-based phosphate fertiliers[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,656:55-69.
[101]	FERN&193;NDE DACOSTA C, POSADA J A, LEEREBEEM R, et al. Microbial community-based polyhydroxyalanoatesPHAs) production from wastewater:techno-economic analysis and ex-ante environmental assessment[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015,185:368-377.