不同烟气脱酸工艺条件下飞灰成分特性分析及资源化利用技术展望

李斌; 龙吉生; 刘军

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202504025

不同烟气脱酸工艺条件下飞灰成分特性分析及资源化利用技术展望

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202504025

李斌²,
龙吉生^1,2, ,,
刘军¹

1. 华北水利水电大学能源与动力学院,郑州 450045;
2. 上海康恒环境股份有限公司,上海 201703

详细信息

作者简介:
李斌（1989—），硕士，一级建造师，工艺工程师，主要从事固废处理及烟气净化工艺技术研究.E-mail：libin@shsus.com

通讯作者:
龙吉生（1966—），博士，正高级工程师，主要从事固废处理和垃圾焚烧相关研究。long@shsus.com

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-12-10
- 录用日期: 2025-02-21
- 修回日期: 2025-01-15
- 刊出日期: 2025-04-01

Analysis of fly ash composition from different flue gas desulfurization processes and prospects for resource utilization technology

LI Bin²,
LONG Jisheng^{1,2
, ,},
LIU Jun¹

1. College of Energy and Power Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China;
2. Shanghai SUS Environment Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201703, China

摘要

摘要: 生活垃圾焚烧飞灰成分及化学性质受焚烧炉型及烟气净化工艺影响，脱酸工艺及脱酸药剂改变会引发飞灰成分差异，这对未来飞灰资源化利用带来了挑战。随着国家垃圾焚烧发电烟气污染物排放标准日益严格，小苏打干法脱酸烟气处理工艺逐步得到应用，然而针对小苏打干法脱酸产生的飞灰成分特性缺乏研究，其资源化利用前景需要进一步探索。基于此，对浙江某垃圾焚烧电厂原有SDA半干法脱酸烟气净化系统产生的飞灰，及小苏打干法脱酸烟气净化工艺中试装置产生的飞灰进行取样对比，并模拟飞灰梯级逆流水洗脱盐工艺进行了试验研究，分析了2种垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗前后成分差异，并对水洗液成分进行检测，分析2种飞灰水洗脱盐处置成本差异及资源化利用前景。研究结果表明：相对于原有烟气净化工艺产生的钙基飞灰，小苏打干法脱酸烟气净化工艺产生的飞灰成分以钠基为主，可溶性氯盐包括NaCl、Na₂SO₄等，CaCl₂、CaClOH含量显著降低。小苏打干法脱酸烟气净化工艺产生的飞灰经过水洗后可减量达79%以上，更具备资源化利用前景，有利于实现飞灰深度减量资源化利用。
- 飞灰 /
- 钠基反应物 /
- 水洗 /
- 氯盐 /
- 废水处理
Abstract: The composition and chemical properties of MSWI fly ash are influenced by the type of incinerator and flue gas treatment process. Changes in acid removal processes and agents can cause variations in fly ash composition， posing challenges for future fly ash resource utilization. As the national WtE flue gas pollutants emissions standards become increasingly stringent， the application of sodium bicarbonate dry flue gas treatment （FGT） technology for acid removal is gradually increasing. However， there is a lack of research on the characteristics of fly ash produced by sodium bicarbonate dry acid removal process， and the prospects for the potential of fly ash resource utilization require further exploration. We compared fly ash samples from the existing SDA semi-dry process flue gas treatment system and the pilot-scale flue gas treatment system using the sodium bicarbonate dry method at a WtE plant in Zhejiang. Additionally， we also conducted fly ash desalination tests by water washing， analyzed the components and mass differences of two types of fly ash before and after water washing， tested the components of the washed water， and analyzed the cost differences and prospects for resource utilization of salts removal by water washing for the two types of fly ash. The results showed that， compared with the calcium-based fly ash from the original flue gas treatment process， the fly ash from the sodium bicarbonate dry method flue gas treatment process was primarily sodium-based. It contained soluble chloride salts， such as NaCl and Na₂SO₄， with a significant reduction in the content of CaCl₂ and CaClOH. After water washing， the fly ash produced by the sodium bicarbonate dry method flue gas treatment process can be reduced by more than 79%， making it more promising for resource recovery. This is conducive for achieving deep reduction and resource recovery for fly ash.
- fly ash /
- residual sodium chemicals /
- water washing /
- chlorides /
- waste water treatment

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1 水洗工艺流程

1. Washing process flow chart

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2 飞灰洗涤搅拌装置

2. Fly ash washing and mixing test apparatus

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3 焚烧飞灰XRD图谱

1—CaClOH 2—CaCO₃ 3—NaCl 4—CaSO₄ 5—KCl 6—Na₂SO₄

3. XRD patterns of incineration of fly ash

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4 垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗前后成分变化对比

4. Comparison of the compositions of MSWI fly ash samples after washing

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1 垃圾焚烧飞灰主要元素组成（质量分数）

1. Chemical components of MSWI fly ash

飞灰样品	CaO	MgO	Al₂O₃	SiO₂	Na₂O	P₂O₅	SO3	K₂O	Cl
FA1	36.26	0.79	0.87	3.91	13.00	0.20	8.57	7.10	27.81
FA2	4.67	0.69	0.36	3.71	40.52	0.24	9.36	9.20	29.38

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2 垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属含量

2. Heavy metal content of waste incineration fly ash

飞灰样品	Pb	Cu	Zn	Ba	Cd	Cr	Ni	As	Hg	Se
FA1	1115	585	5159	123	137	55	9	71	12	1
FA2	2274	630	8324	205	251	84	12	120	4	16

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3 垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗液主要成分

3. The main components of the washing leachate of MSWI fly ash

成分	ρ(Ca²⁺)	ρ(Na⁺)	ρ(K⁺)	ρ(Cl^-)	ρ(SO42-)	ρ(NO₃^-)	ρ(Pb²⁺)	ρ(Zn²⁺)	pH	密度/（g/cm³）	盐浓度/%
FA1	21700	22800	16500	79300	1200	1100	190	16	12.5	1.12	12.6
FA2	33.5	70600	27700	93200	25400	ND	2	0.4	7.6	1.17	18.5

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4 飞灰水洗运行成本测算对比

4. Cost comparison of estimations for fly ash water washing

项目	FA1钙基飞灰	FA2钠基飞灰	备注
脱钙药剂	316	0	按照Na₂CO₃价格2200元/t，根据试验检测数据折算Na₂CO₃消耗量
水泥窑协同处置	170	60	按照水泥窑协同处置飞灰200元/t测算，钙基飞灰水洗后干基重量约占原灰的85%，钠基飞灰水洗后干基重量约占原灰的30%
合计	486	60	不包含电费，蒸汽及人工成本

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