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2015 Vol. 33, No. 2
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2015, 33(2): 1-6.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502001
Abstract:
With the rapid development of economy in urban area，many rivers are polluted in different degress in cities． The
With the rapid development of economy in urban area，many rivers are polluted in different degress in cities． The
2015, 33(2): 7-10.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502002
Abstract:
external cycle technology was employed to study the landscape river in Changzhou City from January 2012 to July 2013． The
external cycle technology was employed to study the landscape river in Changzhou City from January 2012 to July 2013． The
2015, 33(2): 11-15.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502003
Abstract:
It is always regulated recirculation ratio ( namely the ratio of circulation flow to influent flow in circulation compartment section) by increasing flashboard in circulation compartment section to regulate mixed liquor refluxing from aerobic zone to anoxic zone in modified oxidation ditch． It is studied that the differences of carbon conversion pathways before and after increasing flashboard in circulation compartment section． The results show that by increasing flashboard in circulation compartment section the abilities of hydrolytic acidification and denitrifying phosphorus removal are strengthed， as to promote the use of carbon for nitrogen and phosphorus removal． As a result，the pathway of carbon conversion is changed with a apparent raise of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in modified oxidation ditch．
It is always regulated recirculation ratio ( namely the ratio of circulation flow to influent flow in circulation compartment section) by increasing flashboard in circulation compartment section to regulate mixed liquor refluxing from aerobic zone to anoxic zone in modified oxidation ditch． It is studied that the differences of carbon conversion pathways before and after increasing flashboard in circulation compartment section． The results show that by increasing flashboard in circulation compartment section the abilities of hydrolytic acidification and denitrifying phosphorus removal are strengthed， as to promote the use of carbon for nitrogen and phosphorus removal． As a result，the pathway of carbon conversion is changed with a apparent raise of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in modified oxidation ditch．
2015, 33(2): 16-20.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502004
Abstract:
A self-made micro-electrolysis integrated equipment was applied in the pretreatment of landfill leachates from Chengdu Chang' an Waste Site and processing efficiencies under different reaction conditions were investigated． The key conditions were dynamic single factors，such as packing material with iron-carbon volume ratio being 1∶ 1，hydraulic retention time，plate voltage，the positive and negative exchange cycle of electrodes，as well as aeration rate． With the initial pH of landfill leachates，the optimal reaction parameters obtained were retention time of 120 min，plate voltage of 25 V，the positive and negative exchange cycle of electrodes of 30 s and aeration rate of 2 000 L/h，under which the removal rate of COD， NH3－N and chroma were 41. 38%，24. 52% and 60. 00%，respectively． Several repeated tests indicated that the microelectrolysis integrated device had a more stable capability in handling landfill leachates，and provides a selective reference for the pretreatment engineering design of landfill leachates．
A self-made micro-electrolysis integrated equipment was applied in the pretreatment of landfill leachates from Chengdu Chang' an Waste Site and processing efficiencies under different reaction conditions were investigated． The key conditions were dynamic single factors，such as packing material with iron-carbon volume ratio being 1∶ 1，hydraulic retention time，plate voltage，the positive and negative exchange cycle of electrodes，as well as aeration rate． With the initial pH of landfill leachates，the optimal reaction parameters obtained were retention time of 120 min，plate voltage of 25 V，the positive and negative exchange cycle of electrodes of 30 s and aeration rate of 2 000 L/h，under which the removal rate of COD， NH3－N and chroma were 41. 38%，24. 52% and 60. 00%，respectively． Several repeated tests indicated that the microelectrolysis integrated device had a more stable capability in handling landfill leachates，and provides a selective reference for the pretreatment engineering design of landfill leachates．
2015, 33(2): 21-26.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502005
Abstract:
This paper summarized the microbiology progress of phosphorus accumulating organisms ( PAOs) in enhanced biological phosphorus removal ( EBPR ) system， introduced the involved PAOs species classification and biological characteristics and concluded the techniques for identifying PAOs microbiology，including traditional pure culture technology， staining and microscope technology， modern molecular with extensional techniques and the combination of various technologies; the application of molecular techniques was analyzed． This study mainly introduced the progress of accumulibacter morphology and metabolic characteristics， and discussed the study and developing direction of PAOs microbiology in the future．
This paper summarized the microbiology progress of phosphorus accumulating organisms ( PAOs) in enhanced biological phosphorus removal ( EBPR ) system， introduced the involved PAOs species classification and biological characteristics and concluded the techniques for identifying PAOs microbiology，including traditional pure culture technology， staining and microscope technology， modern molecular with extensional techniques and the combination of various technologies; the application of molecular techniques was analyzed． This study mainly introduced the progress of accumulibacter morphology and metabolic characteristics， and discussed the study and developing direction of PAOs microbiology in the future．
2015, 33(2): 27-31.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502006
Abstract:
The early warning of activated sludge inhibitory rate by Cu2 + ，Zn2 + was studied based on oxygen uptake rate ( OUR) index． When dosage of Cu2 + and Zn2 + increased from 20 mg /L to 60 mg /L， the OUR inhibitory rate increased from 33% and 38% up to 77% and 63%，respectively． With a rising of dosage of heavy metals，the activated sludge's inhibitory rate measured by OUR index was enhanced． With a certain condition and common dosage of heavy metals ( 20 mg /L) ，the OUR inhibitory rate order by four heavy metals was Cu2 + ＞ Zn2 + ＞ Cd2 + ＞ Cr3 + ． The operation parameters for early warning reactor were optimized by single factor and orthogonal test，the results indicated that the best parameters were as follows: ρ( MLSS) = 500 mg /L，HRT = 10 min． The early warning equipment was applied to simulate sewage added in Cu2 + and Zn2 + respectively，which indicated that the OUR inhibitory rate was 22. 3% and 56. 6%，with common dosage of heavy metals ( 5 mg /L) ． Thus，the early warning equipment based on oxygen uptake rate ( OUR) index can be applied to early warning of the activated sludge inhibitory action by heavy metals in wastewater treatment plant．
The early warning of activated sludge inhibitory rate by Cu2 + ，Zn2 + was studied based on oxygen uptake rate ( OUR) index． When dosage of Cu2 + and Zn2 + increased from 20 mg /L to 60 mg /L， the OUR inhibitory rate increased from 33% and 38% up to 77% and 63%，respectively． With a rising of dosage of heavy metals，the activated sludge's inhibitory rate measured by OUR index was enhanced． With a certain condition and common dosage of heavy metals ( 20 mg /L) ，the OUR inhibitory rate order by four heavy metals was Cu2 + ＞ Zn2 + ＞ Cd2 + ＞ Cr3 + ． The operation parameters for early warning reactor were optimized by single factor and orthogonal test，the results indicated that the best parameters were as follows: ρ( MLSS) = 500 mg /L，HRT = 10 min． The early warning equipment was applied to simulate sewage added in Cu2 + and Zn2 + respectively，which indicated that the OUR inhibitory rate was 22. 3% and 56. 6%，with common dosage of heavy metals ( 5 mg /L) ． Thus，the early warning equipment based on oxygen uptake rate ( OUR) index can be applied to early warning of the activated sludge inhibitory action by heavy metals in wastewater treatment plant．
2015, 33(2): 32-37.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502007
Abstract:
The ultrafiltration membrane combined with advanced oxidation technology was used to dispose of the organic pollutants，chroma and total coliform in the mixed sewage of an industrial pork． The results showed that after operating of eight weeks the average removal rate of suspended solids，COD，ammonia nitrogen，total phosphorus and chromaticity was up to 92%，90%，70%，63% and 90% respectively． Total coliform removal rate reached 100%． The final effluent quality could meet the water quality standard of urban reclaimed water．
The ultrafiltration membrane combined with advanced oxidation technology was used to dispose of the organic pollutants，chroma and total coliform in the mixed sewage of an industrial pork． The results showed that after operating of eight weeks the average removal rate of suspended solids，COD，ammonia nitrogen，total phosphorus and chromaticity was up to 92%，90%，70%，63% and 90% respectively． Total coliform removal rate reached 100%． The final effluent quality could meet the water quality standard of urban reclaimed water．
2015, 33(2): 38-42.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502008
Abstract:
Graphene /titania ( GR/TiO2 ) multiplex photo-catalyst was prepared through hydrothermal method by using butyl titanate and graphite oxide as precursors． The structure and character of GR/ TiO2 was carefully studied with XRD，TEM，and FT-IR． Photocatalytic activity of GR/TiO2 had been evaluated by degrading methylene blue． The factors that influence the degradation rate were also investigated，such as H2O2 dosage and pH． The results showed that the anatase TiO2 in GR/TiO2 was approximately 25 nm in diameter and scattered on the film-shaped GR． GR/TiO2 had higher photocatalytic performance under UV light and visible light and exhibited excellent stability． The proper H2O2 dosage could accelerate the reaction． In alkaline condition，MB was degraded more easily．
Graphene /titania ( GR/TiO2 ) multiplex photo-catalyst was prepared through hydrothermal method by using butyl titanate and graphite oxide as precursors． The structure and character of GR/ TiO2 was carefully studied with XRD，TEM，and FT-IR． Photocatalytic activity of GR/TiO2 had been evaluated by degrading methylene blue． The factors that influence the degradation rate were also investigated，such as H2O2 dosage and pH． The results showed that the anatase TiO2 in GR/TiO2 was approximately 25 nm in diameter and scattered on the film-shaped GR． GR/TiO2 had higher photocatalytic performance under UV light and visible light and exhibited excellent stability． The proper H2O2 dosage could accelerate the reaction． In alkaline condition，MB was degraded more easily．
2015, 33(2): 43-47.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502009
Abstract:
Perfluorinated organic compounds，a kind of anthropogenic pollutants，are widely used in chemical production． A large number of perfluorinated organic compounds have entered into surface water environment，and are detected in major rivers，lakes and seas at home and abroad． Human exposure pathways to perfluorinated organic compounds include drinking water，food and air-dust inhalation． In the paper，the sources，current pollution status，human exposure pathways and potential hazards of perfluorinated organic compounds in surface water were reviewed． It was expected to provide some references for environmental monitoring and biosafety studies．
Perfluorinated organic compounds，a kind of anthropogenic pollutants，are widely used in chemical production． A large number of perfluorinated organic compounds have entered into surface water environment，and are detected in major rivers，lakes and seas at home and abroad． Human exposure pathways to perfluorinated organic compounds include drinking water，food and air-dust inhalation． In the paper，the sources，current pollution status，human exposure pathways and potential hazards of perfluorinated organic compounds in surface water were reviewed． It was expected to provide some references for environmental monitoring and biosafety studies．
2015, 33(2): 48-52.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502010
Abstract:
Acid birnessite ( Bir-H) is widespread in soil，oceans，lakes and river sediments，which can determine the behavior and fate of organic pollutants and heavy metals due to its fine particle，large surface area，high amount of negative charge and high surface activity． In this study， acid birnessite was synthesized by a reflux method，and characterized by X-ray diffraction ( XRD) ，scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) and transmission electron microscopy ( TEM) ． The ability of acid birnessite for the removal of methylene blue ( MB) was investigated，and impacts of solution pH， acid birnessite loading，concentration of MB and reaction temperature on the removal of MB were studied． The results showed that the increase of acid birnessite loading and reaction temperature or decrease of solution pH and concentration of MB can facilitate the removal of MB．
Acid birnessite ( Bir-H) is widespread in soil，oceans，lakes and river sediments，which can determine the behavior and fate of organic pollutants and heavy metals due to its fine particle，large surface area，high amount of negative charge and high surface activity． In this study， acid birnessite was synthesized by a reflux method，and characterized by X-ray diffraction ( XRD) ，scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) and transmission electron microscopy ( TEM) ． The ability of acid birnessite for the removal of methylene blue ( MB) was investigated，and impacts of solution pH， acid birnessite loading，concentration of MB and reaction temperature on the removal of MB were studied． The results showed that the increase of acid birnessite loading and reaction temperature or decrease of solution pH and concentration of MB can facilitate the removal of MB．
2015, 33(2): 53-57.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502011
Abstract:
Active sediment cover system was constructed for the effective control of lake sediment pollution． Several covering materials were prepared according to different proportion of red mud，fly ash，clay and CaCO3 to investigate the effect on control sediment pollutant． The red mud after de-alkalization was the main material． Results showed that the coverage can stabilize the quality of the overlying water，improve the concentration of DO，and limit the COD and TP content． However，the control effect of NH3－N is weak in short term． Additionally，the coverage could decrease heavy metals ( Cu，Pb，Zn，Cr，Cd， Fe，Mn，Ca，Mg) re-released from sediment to overlying water． Considering two aspects of the control effect on endogenous contaminants and stability of the overlying water quality，material Ⅱ ( red mud 38. 9%，clay 14. 4%，fly ash 38. 9%，CaCO3 7. 8%) is most suitable for covering deep lake sediment due to obtaining raw materials conveniently，making simple，low economic cost，simple operation and good effect．
Active sediment cover system was constructed for the effective control of lake sediment pollution． Several covering materials were prepared according to different proportion of red mud，fly ash，clay and CaCO3 to investigate the effect on control sediment pollutant． The red mud after de-alkalization was the main material． Results showed that the coverage can stabilize the quality of the overlying water，improve the concentration of DO，and limit the COD and TP content． However，the control effect of NH3－N is weak in short term． Additionally，the coverage could decrease heavy metals ( Cu，Pb，Zn，Cr，Cd， Fe，Mn，Ca，Mg) re-released from sediment to overlying water． Considering two aspects of the control effect on endogenous contaminants and stability of the overlying water quality，material Ⅱ ( red mud 38. 9%，clay 14. 4%，fly ash 38. 9%，CaCO3 7. 8%) is most suitable for covering deep lake sediment due to obtaining raw materials conveniently，making simple，low economic cost，simple operation and good effect．
2015, 33(2): 58-61.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502012
Abstract:
In this review，some research and application examples of fine pore aeration are given，and the current research focus is pointed out． Besides，based on the domestic and foreign researches，the effects of aeration rate，installation depth， superficial area，pore diameter，water quality and pore clogging on oxygenation performance are summarized as well as the shortage of current research． It is expected to provide useful information for the wastewater treatment plants to optimize the aeration systems，and for the researchers who will take fine pore aeration as a ecological restoration technique．
In this review，some research and application examples of fine pore aeration are given，and the current research focus is pointed out． Besides，based on the domestic and foreign researches，the effects of aeration rate，installation depth， superficial area，pore diameter，water quality and pore clogging on oxygenation performance are summarized as well as the shortage of current research． It is expected to provide useful information for the wastewater treatment plants to optimize the aeration systems，and for the researchers who will take fine pore aeration as a ecological restoration technique．
2015, 33(2): 62-68.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502013
Abstract:
Series of low amount of Pd-Rh based on three-way catalysts，the ones single incorporated with Co or Ni，and the ones double incorporated with Co and Ni，using cordierite honeycomb ceramics as the first carrier and coating containing activated alumina and ceria-zirconia solid solution as the second carrier，were prepared by incipient impregnation method． The effects of Co or Ni single incorporation and double incorporation on catalytic activities of Pd-Rh based on catalysts for simultaneously removing C3H8 ，CO and NO were studied． The results showed that the catalysts incorporated with Co and Ni had higher catalytic activity than that incorporated with Co or Ni． For double incorporation of Co and Ni，the catalyst added with 1% Co3O4 and 2% NiO exhibited the best catalytic activities，the removal rates of C3H8 and CO at 350 ℃ were 100% and 97%，and the removal rate of NO at 400 ℃ was 99%．
Series of low amount of Pd-Rh based on three-way catalysts，the ones single incorporated with Co or Ni，and the ones double incorporated with Co and Ni，using cordierite honeycomb ceramics as the first carrier and coating containing activated alumina and ceria-zirconia solid solution as the second carrier，were prepared by incipient impregnation method． The effects of Co or Ni single incorporation and double incorporation on catalytic activities of Pd-Rh based on catalysts for simultaneously removing C3H8 ，CO and NO were studied． The results showed that the catalysts incorporated with Co and Ni had higher catalytic activity than that incorporated with Co or Ni． For double incorporation of Co and Ni，the catalyst added with 1% Co3O4 and 2% NiO exhibited the best catalytic activities，the removal rates of C3H8 and CO at 350 ℃ were 100% and 97%，and the removal rate of NO at 400 ℃ was 99%．
2015, 33(2): 69-71.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502014
Abstract:
During the decommissioning of the nuclear facilities，the high concentration radioactive areosol must be treated to reduce the operator’s irradiation risk． The experiments studied the relationships between the capturing liquid，the capturing liquid dose and the capturing effect for the simulative aerosol． The results indicated that the different capturing reagents had obvious different captuing result． The smaller aerosol particle had the lower volicity of being captured． When the captuing liquid dose was less than 0. 06 kg /m3，it had distinct influence on the result of capturing the simulative aerosol． The radioactive aerosol with241Am and 239Pu generated in cutting the contaminated steel facilities was treated by this method at decommissioning site． The radioactive concentration could be reduced from 136 Bq /m3 to 1. 23 Bq /m3 ． The capturing had a remarkable result．
During the decommissioning of the nuclear facilities，the high concentration radioactive areosol must be treated to reduce the operator’s irradiation risk． The experiments studied the relationships between the capturing liquid，the capturing liquid dose and the capturing effect for the simulative aerosol． The results indicated that the different capturing reagents had obvious different captuing result． The smaller aerosol particle had the lower volicity of being captured． When the captuing liquid dose was less than 0. 06 kg /m3，it had distinct influence on the result of capturing the simulative aerosol． The radioactive aerosol with241Am and 239Pu generated in cutting the contaminated steel facilities was treated by this method at decommissioning site． The radioactive concentration could be reduced from 136 Bq /m3 to 1. 23 Bq /m3 ． The capturing had a remarkable result．
2015, 33(2): 72-75.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502015
Abstract:
Due to the fact that gaseous pollutants and aerosol pollutants have huge harm to people's health， this paper discusses the application of photocatalytic technology in the field of functionality air filter material． The research expounds the basic principle of photocatalytic technology and fiber filtering technology． The application and technology of loaded fiber by photocatalysts are introduced in detail． And an outlook for the research direction of this filed is given．
Due to the fact that gaseous pollutants and aerosol pollutants have huge harm to people's health， this paper discusses the application of photocatalytic technology in the field of functionality air filter material． The research expounds the basic principle of photocatalytic technology and fiber filtering technology． The application and technology of loaded fiber by photocatalysts are introduced in detail． And an outlook for the research direction of this filed is given．
2015, 33(2): 76-79.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502016
Abstract:
Low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator ( LLT-ESP) technology is a new technology and has become the mainstream method of smoke-gas treatment in Japan，as it can improve the collection efficiency of PM and SO3 ． D/S ratio ( Dust /SO3 ratio) which means the ratio of PM concentration ( mg /m3 ) to SO3 ( mg /m3 ) ，is one of the most important parameters in ESP selection and the measure of low temperature corrosion happens or not． It was analyzed the definition and formula of D/S ratio and calculated some representative coals in China． The relationship of D/S ratio to corrosion and the increase of efficiencies was given，which provided reference for study and application of LLT-ESP in China．
Low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator ( LLT-ESP) technology is a new technology and has become the mainstream method of smoke-gas treatment in Japan，as it can improve the collection efficiency of PM and SO3 ． D/S ratio ( Dust /SO3 ratio) which means the ratio of PM concentration ( mg /m3 ) to SO3 ( mg /m3 ) ，is one of the most important parameters in ESP selection and the measure of low temperature corrosion happens or not． It was analyzed the definition and formula of D/S ratio and calculated some representative coals in China． The relationship of D/S ratio to corrosion and the increase of efficiencies was given，which provided reference for study and application of LLT-ESP in China．
2015, 33(2): 80-83.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502017
Abstract:
Coal-fired power plants remove SO2 using wet limestone-gypsum or ammonia desulfurization，and using spray lye to absorb SO2 in flue gas． After desulfurization tail gas contains a large amount of calcium salt or ammonium salt of solid and liquid particles，these tiny particles aerosol with smoke into the atmosphere from chimney，become the important part of dust-haze， which is one of the main causes of PM2. 5 pollution． This paper introduces the principle，process flow，technical features of JTECH ammonia desulphurization and wet electrostatic precipitator technology，and expounds the technology of the key breakthrough on the traditional ammonia desulphurization technology． It is verified by use that the actual operation desulfurization efficiency is more than 98%，the particulate matter concentration at outlet is less than 20 mg /m3，the ammonia escape is below 5 mg /m3，and no amnonium carried by flue gas at the outlet of stack． The technology reaches the expected target．
Coal-fired power plants remove SO2 using wet limestone-gypsum or ammonia desulfurization，and using spray lye to absorb SO2 in flue gas． After desulfurization tail gas contains a large amount of calcium salt or ammonium salt of solid and liquid particles，these tiny particles aerosol with smoke into the atmosphere from chimney，become the important part of dust-haze， which is one of the main causes of PM2. 5 pollution． This paper introduces the principle，process flow，technical features of JTECH ammonia desulphurization and wet electrostatic precipitator technology，and expounds the technology of the key breakthrough on the traditional ammonia desulphurization technology． It is verified by use that the actual operation desulfurization efficiency is more than 98%，the particulate matter concentration at outlet is less than 20 mg /m3，the ammonia escape is below 5 mg /m3，and no amnonium carried by flue gas at the outlet of stack． The technology reaches the expected target．
2015, 33(2): 84-87.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502018
Abstract:
This paper explored removal efficiency of four FQs ( fluoroquinolones) including norfloxacin，ciprofloxacin， lomefloxacin and enrofloxacin from chicken feces by thermal treatment technology． Influence of temperature，residence time and moisture content on removal efficiency of FQs was studied． Results showed that removal rate of the four FQs increased with a higher treatment temperature and longer time． Removal rate of FQs in chicken feces reached 64. 5% ～ 85. 1% at 190 ℃， with 40 min． At 220 ℃，removal rate of FQs reached more than 94. 1%． The removal rate of FQs by thermal desorption was not significantly changed with a range of moisture content ( 5% ～ 25%) in chicken feces．
This paper explored removal efficiency of four FQs ( fluoroquinolones) including norfloxacin，ciprofloxacin， lomefloxacin and enrofloxacin from chicken feces by thermal treatment technology． Influence of temperature，residence time and moisture content on removal efficiency of FQs was studied． Results showed that removal rate of the four FQs increased with a higher treatment temperature and longer time． Removal rate of FQs in chicken feces reached 64. 5% ～ 85. 1% at 190 ℃， with 40 min． At 220 ℃，removal rate of FQs reached more than 94. 1%． The removal rate of FQs by thermal desorption was not significantly changed with a range of moisture content ( 5% ～ 25%) in chicken feces．
2015, 33(2): 88-91.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502019
Abstract:
There is a huge amount of wet sludge produced by sewage treatment plants in China． However，most of them is not treated in a safe way． Sludge drying，which realizes the quantity reduction，harmless treatment，stabilization and recycling has been widely promoted in recent years． Compared with other sludge drying technologies，two-phase sludge drying technology has obvious advantage in energy consumption and safety and becomes more and more popular both in China and abroad． On the other hand，due to some problems such as high fiber content and viscosity，hard objects in the sludge from some areas，the steady running of this technology is affected． Through the practice of sludge drying project in Suzhou Industrial Park，it was taken the pertinent measures under the consideration of local conditions，and the problems in the operation of the drying process were solved． In consequence，the continuous and stable operation of the production had been realized．
There is a huge amount of wet sludge produced by sewage treatment plants in China． However，most of them is not treated in a safe way． Sludge drying，which realizes the quantity reduction，harmless treatment，stabilization and recycling has been widely promoted in recent years． Compared with other sludge drying technologies，two-phase sludge drying technology has obvious advantage in energy consumption and safety and becomes more and more popular both in China and abroad． On the other hand，due to some problems such as high fiber content and viscosity，hard objects in the sludge from some areas，the steady running of this technology is affected． Through the practice of sludge drying project in Suzhou Industrial Park，it was taken the pertinent measures under the consideration of local conditions，and the problems in the operation of the drying process were solved． In consequence，the continuous and stable operation of the production had been realized．
2015, 33(2): 92-95.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502020
Abstract:
For the characteristics of urban sewage sludge compost，it was expounded that the latest research achievements and application methods of lawn substrate at home and abroad． The problems of the application of sludge compost for lawn substrate were summarized． And the research should be focused on the composition of sludge compost and the selecting substrate components，water and fertilizer management techniques，grass screening，the production of compost and turf quality comprehensive assessment standard，the relevant environmental issues might caused by the sludge compost application． In addition，it is necessary to increase high-tech investment to promote industrialization so as to provide a firm theoretical guidance and technical support for the application of the sludge compost used for lawn substrate．
For the characteristics of urban sewage sludge compost，it was expounded that the latest research achievements and application methods of lawn substrate at home and abroad． The problems of the application of sludge compost for lawn substrate were summarized． And the research should be focused on the composition of sludge compost and the selecting substrate components，water and fertilizer management techniques，grass screening，the production of compost and turf quality comprehensive assessment standard，the relevant environmental issues might caused by the sludge compost application． In addition，it is necessary to increase high-tech investment to promote industrialization so as to provide a firm theoretical guidance and technical support for the application of the sludge compost used for lawn substrate．
2015, 33(2): 96-99.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502021
Abstract:
A new type of shell and tube heat exchanger was designed for heat recovery in sludge treatment process，compared with performance of a conventional shell and tube heat exchanger of the same specification． A simplified calculation model of shell and tube heat exchanger was set up，and FLUENT software was used to simulate the common shell heat exchanger and the new type heat exchanger，the flow distribution，the distribution of temperature and pressure inside the shell of the two heat exchangers were got，the simulation result was compared with the experimental data． The experimental and simulated results showed that new plate type heat exchanger has even temperature distribution，less flow dead zones，high heat transfer efficiency，and its comprehensive performance was far higher than that of ordinary shell and tube heat exchanger．
A new type of shell and tube heat exchanger was designed for heat recovery in sludge treatment process，compared with performance of a conventional shell and tube heat exchanger of the same specification． A simplified calculation model of shell and tube heat exchanger was set up，and FLUENT software was used to simulate the common shell heat exchanger and the new type heat exchanger，the flow distribution，the distribution of temperature and pressure inside the shell of the two heat exchangers were got，the simulation result was compared with the experimental data． The experimental and simulated results showed that new plate type heat exchanger has even temperature distribution，less flow dead zones，high heat transfer efficiency，and its comprehensive performance was far higher than that of ordinary shell and tube heat exchanger．
2015, 33(2): 100-104.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502022
Abstract:
By using leachate concentrate from a refuse landfill in Chengdu，the recirculation experiments were carried out in landfill columns filled with garbage of 15 landfill ages． The influences on recirculation effluent salinity of the recirculation load，frequency，velocity and mode were researched． Based on the experimental results，modeling with a novel grey absolutely correlation degree analysis method， the sensitivity effluent salinity from the leachate concentrate recirculation process to recirculation parameters were researched． It is showed that the sensitivity of effluent salinity to recirculation parameters were: load( 6 L/d) ＞ velocity( 24 L/h) ＞ load( 4. 5 L/d) ＞ frequency( 6 times /d) ＞ frequency( 3 times /d) ＞ mode( central water distribution) ＞ velocity( 6 L/h) ＞ mode( dispersing water) ． So the recirculation load and velocity are priority control factors for reducing the salinity of recirculation effluent．
By using leachate concentrate from a refuse landfill in Chengdu，the recirculation experiments were carried out in landfill columns filled with garbage of 15 landfill ages． The influences on recirculation effluent salinity of the recirculation load，frequency，velocity and mode were researched． Based on the experimental results，modeling with a novel grey absolutely correlation degree analysis method， the sensitivity effluent salinity from the leachate concentrate recirculation process to recirculation parameters were researched． It is showed that the sensitivity of effluent salinity to recirculation parameters were: load( 6 L/d) ＞ velocity( 24 L/h) ＞ load( 4. 5 L/d) ＞ frequency( 6 times /d) ＞ frequency( 3 times /d) ＞ mode( central water distribution) ＞ velocity( 6 L/h) ＞ mode( dispersing water) ． So the recirculation load and velocity are priority control factors for reducing the salinity of recirculation effluent．
2015, 33(2): 105-108.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502023
Abstract:
Currently，beneficiating method is the main treatment method for resource utilization of copper slag． But there is still a mountain of tail slag having no valuable use after treatments． In the research，the copper slag was taken as a resource containing copper and iron metal，silicon oxide inorganic materials and rich in high calorific value，and the resource utilization treatment was carried out． Under molten condition，the copper cast iron was extracted from copper slag，tailing slag was used for making mineral wool，and high added value utilization of molten copper slag became true． This treatment technique of copper slag has high added value，low energy consumption，and has a certain market prospect． The development prospect of the technique of copper slag is good，which should be extended for application．
Currently，beneficiating method is the main treatment method for resource utilization of copper slag． But there is still a mountain of tail slag having no valuable use after treatments． In the research，the copper slag was taken as a resource containing copper and iron metal，silicon oxide inorganic materials and rich in high calorific value，and the resource utilization treatment was carried out． Under molten condition，the copper cast iron was extracted from copper slag，tailing slag was used for making mineral wool，and high added value utilization of molten copper slag became true． This treatment technique of copper slag has high added value，low energy consumption，and has a certain market prospect． The development prospect of the technique of copper slag is good，which should be extended for application．
2015, 33(2): 109-112.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502024
Abstract:
Composition analysis showed that the main compounds in copper residue were Cu2 S，Cu2O，Fe2 SiO4 ，Fe3O4 and a few FeO． Thermodynamic analysis of the reduction of Cu and Fe in copper residue by co-processing blast furnace showed that the Cu-containing compounds in copper residue could be reduced both in the upper and lower parts of blast furnace，Fe2 SiO4 was mainly reduced in the lower part of blast furnace，and CaO was helpful for the indirect and direct reductions of Fe2 SiO4 ．
Composition analysis showed that the main compounds in copper residue were Cu2 S，Cu2O，Fe2 SiO4 ，Fe3O4 and a few FeO． Thermodynamic analysis of the reduction of Cu and Fe in copper residue by co-processing blast furnace showed that the Cu-containing compounds in copper residue could be reduced both in the upper and lower parts of blast furnace，Fe2 SiO4 was mainly reduced in the lower part of blast furnace，and CaO was helpful for the indirect and direct reductions of Fe2 SiO4 ．
2015, 33(2): 113-116.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502025
Abstract:
Sludge burning is considered to be a kind of sludge reduction and recycling technology which has good prospects for development，it is becoming the mainstream way of sludge disposal． Environmental risks of sludge which from dyeing wastewater treatment facilities and centralized sewage treatment plants are the medium ones，and the recommended disposal is burning． By analysis and filter to sampling methods of ash’s characteristics identification which is from coal-fired power plant blending sludge，ash is identified according to standards GB 5085. 1—GB 5085. 6． It is recognized that the ash from coal-fired boilers blended dyeing sewage sludge and sewage sludge does not have the characteristics of hazardous solid waste，and can be utilized as general solid waste． The characteristics of ash depends on the properties of blended sludge， so the characteristics identification of ash is required before comprehensive utilization．
Sludge burning is considered to be a kind of sludge reduction and recycling technology which has good prospects for development，it is becoming the mainstream way of sludge disposal． Environmental risks of sludge which from dyeing wastewater treatment facilities and centralized sewage treatment plants are the medium ones，and the recommended disposal is burning． By analysis and filter to sampling methods of ash’s characteristics identification which is from coal-fired power plant blending sludge，ash is identified according to standards GB 5085. 1—GB 5085. 6． It is recognized that the ash from coal-fired boilers blended dyeing sewage sludge and sewage sludge does not have the characteristics of hazardous solid waste，and can be utilized as general solid waste． The characteristics of ash depends on the properties of blended sludge， so the characteristics identification of ash is required before comprehensive utilization．
2015, 33(2): 117-121.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502026
Abstract:
Soil and groundwater samples in different distances and depth were taken from the surroundings of a chromium slag site to explore the Cr( VI) distribution and pollution characteristics． Based on large amount of data，the contaminating ranges and degrees of groundwater and soil were determined and the polluted boundary was confirmed，which provided basic data for the pollution treatment． The results demonstrated that the surrounding soil and groundwater of the chromium slag site were contaminated seriously by Cr( VI) ． Effective measures should be taken as soon as possible to control pollution in the said site to ensure the local agricultural production and human health．
Soil and groundwater samples in different distances and depth were taken from the surroundings of a chromium slag site to explore the Cr( VI) distribution and pollution characteristics． Based on large amount of data，the contaminating ranges and degrees of groundwater and soil were determined and the polluted boundary was confirmed，which provided basic data for the pollution treatment． The results demonstrated that the surrounding soil and groundwater of the chromium slag site were contaminated seriously by Cr( VI) ． Effective measures should be taken as soon as possible to control pollution in the said site to ensure the local agricultural production and human health．
2015, 33(2): 122-125.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502027
Abstract:
With the promotion of industrialization and urbanization，much attention is being paid to heavy metal pollution of the industry environment． The dusts from 10 typical industries environments in Beijing were selected as the research objects， the different particle size distribution of the dusts，Pb，Cr，Cu，Zn，Ni concentration and contribution rate were analyzed． The heavy metal pollution levels in the surface environment of different industries were evaluated by means of the single factor pollution index and comprehensive pollution index． The results show that the comprehensive pollution levels of the wholesale industry，industry，catering industry and transportation industry are high，culture and sports industry and education industry are relatively low．
With the promotion of industrialization and urbanization，much attention is being paid to heavy metal pollution of the industry environment． The dusts from 10 typical industries environments in Beijing were selected as the research objects， the different particle size distribution of the dusts，Pb，Cr，Cu，Zn，Ni concentration and contribution rate were analyzed． The heavy metal pollution levels in the surface environment of different industries were evaluated by means of the single factor pollution index and comprehensive pollution index． The results show that the comprehensive pollution levels of the wholesale industry，industry，catering industry and transportation industry are high，culture and sports industry and education industry are relatively low．
2015, 33(2): 126-129.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502028
Abstract:
At present， the relevant standards for soil pollution evaluation have not yet found for oil production zones． Based on which， the evaluation standard of soil factors and the graduation standard of soil pollution degree were formulated， and a joint investigation，and evaluation of oil pollution，heavy metals pollution and saline pollution，which overcome the inadequate of the single investigation，and evaluation of oil pollution in soil was carried out． Finally the soil environmental quality are evaluated． The soil pollution evaluation results showed that the present situation of soil pollution was heavy pollution level in mined oil production zones，the main factor of soil pollution was oil， other factors were warning level or clean level，but the value of Cd， total salt and pH was close to pollution initial value． The soil environmental quality evaluation results showed that each factor could reach national soil environmental quality secondary standard，but the average concent of Cd had reached the limit value of national secondary standard．
At present， the relevant standards for soil pollution evaluation have not yet found for oil production zones． Based on which， the evaluation standard of soil factors and the graduation standard of soil pollution degree were formulated， and a joint investigation，and evaluation of oil pollution，heavy metals pollution and saline pollution，which overcome the inadequate of the single investigation，and evaluation of oil pollution in soil was carried out． Finally the soil environmental quality are evaluated． The soil pollution evaluation results showed that the present situation of soil pollution was heavy pollution level in mined oil production zones，the main factor of soil pollution was oil， other factors were warning level or clean level，but the value of Cd， total salt and pH was close to pollution initial value． The soil environmental quality evaluation results showed that each factor could reach national soil environmental quality secondary standard，but the average concent of Cd had reached the limit value of national secondary standard．
2015, 33(2): 130-134.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502029
Abstract:
In order to deal with the uncertainty in the process of water quality assessment，interval numbers were used to represent the concentrations of pollutants in Bayesian water quality assessment model． The ranking-method of interval numbers was adopted to compare the results of water quality assessment． Then the interval Bayesian model of water quality assessment was established． The model was applied to water quality assessment of a lake，and the water quality of five sampling sites of the lake were monitored and assessed． The monitoring results showed that the water quality of the five sampling points was the V category of the water quality standard． The model of water quality assessment based on interval Bayesian model could more intuitively express the difference of the similar water qualities which attached to the same level of the water quallity， and also could avoid the influence of subjective factors in traditional method． So，the model established in this paper could provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of different sampling sites belong to the same class of water quality．
In order to deal with the uncertainty in the process of water quality assessment，interval numbers were used to represent the concentrations of pollutants in Bayesian water quality assessment model． The ranking-method of interval numbers was adopted to compare the results of water quality assessment． Then the interval Bayesian model of water quality assessment was established． The model was applied to water quality assessment of a lake，and the water quality of five sampling sites of the lake were monitored and assessed． The monitoring results showed that the water quality of the five sampling points was the V category of the water quality standard． The model of water quality assessment based on interval Bayesian model could more intuitively express the difference of the similar water qualities which attached to the same level of the water quallity， and also could avoid the influence of subjective factors in traditional method． So，the model established in this paper could provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of different sampling sites belong to the same class of water quality．
2015, 33(2): 135-139.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502030
Abstract:
Source apportionment technology of river pollution source with water quality model coupling with chemical mass balance ( CMB) model was developed． This model was used to analyze the contribution of the upstream section，direct discharge industry sources，branch sources and unknown sources to the receptor section of the river． The technology could analyze the relative ratio and absolute value of the specific sources' contributions to the receptor，and have the assessment indexes to evaluate the results． The source apportionment model was applied to the main sections of Xiaoqing River in Shandong Province． It was found that the analytical results coincided with the reality and could meet the demands of the assessment indexes． The organic combination of diffusion and receptor model enhanced the conformity degree between source apportionment results and the actual conditions．
Source apportionment technology of river pollution source with water quality model coupling with chemical mass balance ( CMB) model was developed． This model was used to analyze the contribution of the upstream section，direct discharge industry sources，branch sources and unknown sources to the receptor section of the river． The technology could analyze the relative ratio and absolute value of the specific sources' contributions to the receptor，and have the assessment indexes to evaluate the results． The source apportionment model was applied to the main sections of Xiaoqing River in Shandong Province． It was found that the analytical results coincided with the reality and could meet the demands of the assessment indexes． The organic combination of diffusion and receptor model enhanced the conformity degree between source apportionment results and the actual conditions．
2015, 33(2): 140-142.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502031
Abstract:
Environmental protection dredging can remove polluted sediment of water body thoroughly，eliminate the potential factors which can affect water quality，so environmental protection dredging has become an important measure of water governance． However，disturbance of polluted sediment and improper disposal of polluted sediment in the process of environmental protection dredging can easily lead to secondary pollution to the environment． Thus，various measures to reduce the disturbance of pollution sediment and sediment resource utilization technologies become research hotspots． Improving dredging equipment and technology often been used to reduce the disturbance of pollution sediment． At present，the dredging equipments mainly adopted in domestic are cutter suction dredger and environmental protection cutters． By means of the utilization of sediment，not only the secondary pollution to the environment can be reduced，but also the waste can be transformed into treasure，so resource can be increased． The current sediment resource utilization ways mainly include land use， building materials， filling materials， wastewater treatment materials， hydrogen production，etc．
Environmental protection dredging can remove polluted sediment of water body thoroughly，eliminate the potential factors which can affect water quality，so environmental protection dredging has become an important measure of water governance． However，disturbance of polluted sediment and improper disposal of polluted sediment in the process of environmental protection dredging can easily lead to secondary pollution to the environment． Thus，various measures to reduce the disturbance of pollution sediment and sediment resource utilization technologies become research hotspots． Improving dredging equipment and technology often been used to reduce the disturbance of pollution sediment． At present，the dredging equipments mainly adopted in domestic are cutter suction dredger and environmental protection cutters． By means of the utilization of sediment，not only the secondary pollution to the environment can be reduced，but also the waste can be transformed into treasure，so resource can be increased． The current sediment resource utilization ways mainly include land use， building materials， filling materials， wastewater treatment materials， hydrogen production，etc．
2015, 33(2): 143-146.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502032
Abstract:
Forming a scientific and reasonable index system of PEIA ( planned environment impact assessment ) is an important premise for carrying out PEIA and has very important significance to developing and improving evaluation method of PEIA． Due to the domestic and foreign researches on PEIA，through analyzing in theory and material example，SWOT analysis and DPSIR pattern were chosen to establish an indicator system containing environmental，resource，ecological and social aspects，after surveying the characteristics of physical and sociological environments． It was applied in PEIA of the Gaolan Sanchuankou industrial cluster in Lanzhou． Based on the AHP ( analytic hierarchy process) ，this paper comprehensively evaluated the planned potential environment impact in the implementation，it was expected to provide a useful reference for the formation of index system of PEIA．
Forming a scientific and reasonable index system of PEIA ( planned environment impact assessment ) is an important premise for carrying out PEIA and has very important significance to developing and improving evaluation method of PEIA． Due to the domestic and foreign researches on PEIA，through analyzing in theory and material example，SWOT analysis and DPSIR pattern were chosen to establish an indicator system containing environmental，resource，ecological and social aspects，after surveying the characteristics of physical and sociological environments． It was applied in PEIA of the Gaolan Sanchuankou industrial cluster in Lanzhou． Based on the AHP ( analytic hierarchy process) ，this paper comprehensively evaluated the planned potential environment impact in the implementation，it was expected to provide a useful reference for the formation of index system of PEIA．
2015, 33(2): 147-152.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502033
Abstract:
According to the Shandong Province industrial，construction and transportation energy consumption data from 2000 to 2012，carbon emissions were calculated，and using GM ( 1，1) model，Verhulst model and SCGM ( 1，1) c model，the combination forecast model was set up，and using the effective method the weight coefficient of combination forecast model was determined． The actual values of three carbon emission industries from 2000 to 2009 were taken as original data to predict carbon emissions form 2010 to 2012． The results demonstrate that the forecast accuracy of combined model is better than that of GM( 1，1) model，Verhulst model and SCGM( 1，1) c model． Further the carbon emissions of all industries in Shandong Province from 2013 to 2017 were also predicted，which could provide theoretic references for relevant departments to formulate policy for energy conservation and emissions reduction．
According to the Shandong Province industrial，construction and transportation energy consumption data from 2000 to 2012，carbon emissions were calculated，and using GM ( 1，1) model，Verhulst model and SCGM ( 1，1) c model，the combination forecast model was set up，and using the effective method the weight coefficient of combination forecast model was determined． The actual values of three carbon emission industries from 2000 to 2009 were taken as original data to predict carbon emissions form 2010 to 2012． The results demonstrate that the forecast accuracy of combined model is better than that of GM( 1，1) model，Verhulst model and SCGM( 1，1) c model． Further the carbon emissions of all industries in Shandong Province from 2013 to 2017 were also predicted，which could provide theoretic references for relevant departments to formulate policy for energy conservation and emissions reduction．
2015, 33(2): 153-155.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502034
Abstract:
The relationship among energy consumption，population，GDP and industrialization of Hainan in 1993—2012 was set up by cointegration theory． It was forecasted the total carbon emissions and structure of energy consumption of Hainan in 2015—2020． At last，it was also proposed the suggestions on the carbon emissions reduction policies according to the actual conditions in Hainan．
The relationship among energy consumption，population，GDP and industrialization of Hainan in 1993—2012 was set up by cointegration theory． It was forecasted the total carbon emissions and structure of energy consumption of Hainan in 2015—2020． At last，it was also proposed the suggestions on the carbon emissions reduction policies according to the actual conditions in Hainan．
2015, 33(2): 156-159.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502035
Abstract:
Biochar is the product of thermal degradation of waste biomass under the limit-oxygen condition，which is made up of abundant carbon． Biochar has the efficient absorption of heavy metal due to its precise pore structure and unique chemical properties，so that it can influence the transfer of heavy metal． It was summarized some characteristics of biochar，the mechanism of absorption and its immobilizing effect on heavy metal in the soil． At last，the future research direction in the environmental amendment was suggested．
Biochar is the product of thermal degradation of waste biomass under the limit-oxygen condition，which is made up of abundant carbon． Biochar has the efficient absorption of heavy metal due to its precise pore structure and unique chemical properties，so that it can influence the transfer of heavy metal． It was summarized some characteristics of biochar，the mechanism of absorption and its immobilizing effect on heavy metal in the soil． At last，the future research direction in the environmental amendment was suggested．
2015, 33(2): 160-163.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502036
Abstract:
Short-term ( 3 d) and long-term ( 1. 5 a) stabilization effects of different types of Cr contaminated soil were investigated through nature curing，using two agents including sodium sulfide and sodium dithionite． The results indicated that two agents could effectively and rapidly decrease total leaching Cr and Cr( VI) content in the short term，the effect increased with an increase in the dosage． The stabilization effect of different agents was further improved after long-term curing．
Short-term ( 3 d) and long-term ( 1. 5 a) stabilization effects of different types of Cr contaminated soil were investigated through nature curing，using two agents including sodium sulfide and sodium dithionite． The results indicated that two agents could effectively and rapidly decrease total leaching Cr and Cr( VI) content in the short term，the effect increased with an increase in the dosage． The stabilization effect of different agents was further improved after long-term curing．
2015, 33(2): 164-167.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502037
Abstract:
On basis of the soil remediation policy and the characteristics of domestic contaminated soil remediation projects， the paper first analyses the characteristics and importance of logistics organization in the process of contaminated soil remediation，and then investigates the work in detail content according to the type of soil remediation projects，and also it is proposed the work content，methods and matters needing attention of logistics organization in a remedy project，which can provide a reference for similar projects． Finally，the suggestions on standardization of the logistics organization in contaminated soil remediation projects are proposed．
On basis of the soil remediation policy and the characteristics of domestic contaminated soil remediation projects， the paper first analyses the characteristics and importance of logistics organization in the process of contaminated soil remediation，and then investigates the work in detail content according to the type of soil remediation projects，and also it is proposed the work content，methods and matters needing attention of logistics organization in a remedy project，which can provide a reference for similar projects． Finally，the suggestions on standardization of the logistics organization in contaminated soil remediation projects are proposed．
2015, 33(2): 168-172.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201502038
Abstract:
The effectiveness of five kinds of surfactants，such as SDS，SDBS，saponin，Brij35，Triton X-100，on washing middle level diesel oil contaminated soil was studied． By investigating volatilization of diesel oil after being mixed with soil，it was found that the mix-time affected the elution percentage． It is effective to raise the concentration of surfactants when washing the new contaminated soil，but not the old． The result shows that the oil-content affects the elution percentage，too． When the oil-content reaches a point，the elution percentage raises suddenly． Under the concentration of the same multiples of CMC washing，different kinds of surfactants rank as SDS ＞ SDBS ＞ Triton X-100 ＞ saponin ＞ Brij35．
The effectiveness of five kinds of surfactants，such as SDS，SDBS，saponin，Brij35，Triton X-100，on washing middle level diesel oil contaminated soil was studied． By investigating volatilization of diesel oil after being mixed with soil，it was found that the mix-time affected the elution percentage． It is effective to raise the concentration of surfactants when washing the new contaminated soil，but not the old． The result shows that the oil-content affects the elution percentage，too． When the oil-content reaches a point，the elution percentage raises suddenly． Under the concentration of the same multiples of CMC washing，different kinds of surfactants rank as SDS ＞ SDBS ＞ Triton X-100 ＞ saponin ＞ Brij35．
