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2015 Vol. 33, No. 3
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2015, 33(3): 1-5.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503001
Abstract:
Microbial fuel cells ( MFCs) ，as a novel technology can convert chemical energy to electrical energy through catalytic reaction of microorganisms and simultaneously solve the problem of environmental pollution，which have been paid much attention on in recent years． Based on the principle of MFC，the representative electricigens founded in the MFCs currently were reviewed，and the application of MFCs in wastewater /waste treatment were also discussed detailedly from the aspects of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction． Finally，the development potentials of the MFC application in the environmental protection field were concluded in three aspects．
Microbial fuel cells ( MFCs) ，as a novel technology can convert chemical energy to electrical energy through catalytic reaction of microorganisms and simultaneously solve the problem of environmental pollution，which have been paid much attention on in recent years． Based on the principle of MFC，the representative electricigens founded in the MFCs currently were reviewed，and the application of MFCs in wastewater /waste treatment were also discussed detailedly from the aspects of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction． Finally，the development potentials of the MFC application in the environmental protection field were concluded in three aspects．
2015, 33(3): 6-10.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503002
Abstract:
Aiming to overcome the shortcomings existing in the traditional sanitary landfill，simulation researches of semiaerobic bioreactor landfill by laboratory experiments were conducted． Two systems，distinguished by the airway diameters，had been set up and operated continuously． The results demonstrated that both the waste and the leachate in the bioreactor changed considerably in the duration． The settlement ratio achieved nearly 40%，the organic matters in solid waste reduced to 24%， and the COD，BOD5 ，TOC，ammonia nitrogen and TN concentrations of the leachate were reduced significantly，decreased to 3 643 mg /L，73 mg /L，1 284 mg /L，67 mg /L，109 mg /L，respectively． The VFA could drop to 20 mmol /L and the B/C ratio to a level of 0. 02 ～ 0. 03，which collectively means that the leachate and also the remaining waste were rarely biologically degradable． All the characteristics revealed that a favorable degradation was achieved，the waste got reduced，the pollutants abated，and the overall landfill primarily stabilized
Aiming to overcome the shortcomings existing in the traditional sanitary landfill，simulation researches of semiaerobic bioreactor landfill by laboratory experiments were conducted． Two systems，distinguished by the airway diameters，had been set up and operated continuously． The results demonstrated that both the waste and the leachate in the bioreactor changed considerably in the duration． The settlement ratio achieved nearly 40%，the organic matters in solid waste reduced to 24%， and the COD，BOD5 ，TOC，ammonia nitrogen and TN concentrations of the leachate were reduced significantly，decreased to 3 643 mg /L，73 mg /L，1 284 mg /L，67 mg /L，109 mg /L，respectively． The VFA could drop to 20 mmol /L and the B/C ratio to a level of 0. 02 ～ 0. 03，which collectively means that the leachate and also the remaining waste were rarely biologically degradable． All the characteristics revealed that a favorable degradation was achieved，the waste got reduced，the pollutants abated，and the overall landfill primarily stabilized
2015, 33(3): 11-16.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503003
Abstract:
Based on ecological restoration of Lingjiabang River in Kunshan as test objects，the river ecosystem in-situ restoration was tested． In the test，integrated aquatic plant restoration technology and bioflim technology were used so as to improve water quality． Degradation and transfer of organic matter in river waters were promoted by means of balancing plankton species composition and quantity． The results showed that in the case of the river exogenous contamination，the quality of river water had been improved significantly by using in-situ ecological restoration technology． The main water quality indexes such as the water transparency，water chemical oxygen demand ( COD) ，total phosphorus( TP) ，total nitrogen( TN) ，ammonia nitrogen ( NH+ 4 －N) ，chlorophyll-a were reached or excelled to the standard of the landscape water quality．
Based on ecological restoration of Lingjiabang River in Kunshan as test objects，the river ecosystem in-situ restoration was tested． In the test，integrated aquatic plant restoration technology and bioflim technology were used so as to improve water quality． Degradation and transfer of organic matter in river waters were promoted by means of balancing plankton species composition and quantity． The results showed that in the case of the river exogenous contamination，the quality of river water had been improved significantly by using in-situ ecological restoration technology． The main water quality indexes such as the water transparency，water chemical oxygen demand ( COD) ，total phosphorus( TP) ，total nitrogen( TN) ，ammonia nitrogen ( NH+ 4 －N) ，chlorophyll-a were reached or excelled to the standard of the landscape water quality．
2015, 33(3): 17-20.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503004
Abstract:
Catalytic ozonation is an advanced oxidation technology which combines the strong oxidizing property of ozone with its character of being catalyst． Catalytic ozonation has obvious advantages in the treatment of phenolic wastewater． The progress of catalytic ozonation of phenolic wastewater at home and abroad has been systematically summarized． The merit and demerit of different reaction systems has been discussed and some suggestions for improvement and development direction has been pointed out in this article．
Catalytic ozonation is an advanced oxidation technology which combines the strong oxidizing property of ozone with its character of being catalyst． Catalytic ozonation has obvious advantages in the treatment of phenolic wastewater． The progress of catalytic ozonation of phenolic wastewater at home and abroad has been systematically summarized． The merit and demerit of different reaction systems has been discussed and some suggestions for improvement and development direction has been pointed out in this article．
2015, 33(3): 21-24.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503005
Abstract:
In order to verify the feasibility or reliability of gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers and to obtain parameters for engineering application，the gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers was combined with A/O system’activation condition and treatment effect was to be studied under the condition of low temperature． The result indicated that the activation time for the system of activated gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers was about 10d，no more than 15 d at a low temperature of 13 ℃ to 15 ℃． And under stable operation and load increasing ( increasing to 1. 44 times) stage，the system of gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers to treat urban sewage can make an average of below 1 mg /L ammonia nitrogen in the effluent and the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was more than 99% under the sludge concentration of 3 000 ～ 3 500 mg /L and dosing rate of 12%． Furthermore，the treatment effect of gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers combined with A/O system was better than A/O system under the same conditions．
In order to verify the feasibility or reliability of gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers and to obtain parameters for engineering application，the gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers was combined with A/O system’activation condition and treatment effect was to be studied under the condition of low temperature． The result indicated that the activation time for the system of activated gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers was about 10d，no more than 15 d at a low temperature of 13 ℃ to 15 ℃． And under stable operation and load increasing ( increasing to 1. 44 times) stage，the system of gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers to treat urban sewage can make an average of below 1 mg /L ammonia nitrogen in the effluent and the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was more than 99% under the sludge concentration of 3 000 ～ 3 500 mg /L and dosing rate of 12%． Furthermore，the treatment effect of gel-embedded nitrobacteria carriers combined with A/O system was better than A/O system under the same conditions．
2015, 33(3): 25-28.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503006
Abstract:
Silica aerogel is a kind of nano porous solid material which possesses high porosity and specific surface area， providing silica aerogel with high absorptive performance． The hydrophobic silica aerogel prepared by ambient pressure drying with low preparation cost could be used in damp environment and aqueous solutions，having a broad market prospect in the field of adsorption of organic compounds in aqueous solution． The ambient preparation technology and research progress of the hydrophobic silica aerogel was analyzed in this paper． The research progress of hydrophobic silica aerogel as adsorbent for organic compounds from aqueous solutions was introduced emphatically． Last，hydrophobic silica aerogel for adsorbing organic compounds from aqueous solutions was forecasted．
Silica aerogel is a kind of nano porous solid material which possesses high porosity and specific surface area， providing silica aerogel with high absorptive performance． The hydrophobic silica aerogel prepared by ambient pressure drying with low preparation cost could be used in damp environment and aqueous solutions，having a broad market prospect in the field of adsorption of organic compounds in aqueous solution． The ambient preparation technology and research progress of the hydrophobic silica aerogel was analyzed in this paper． The research progress of hydrophobic silica aerogel as adsorbent for organic compounds from aqueous solutions was introduced emphatically． Last，hydrophobic silica aerogel for adsorbing organic compounds from aqueous solutions was forecasted．
2015, 33(3): 37-41.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503007
Abstract:
The experiment adopted a dual-stage hybrid soil packing vermifiltration to evaluate the removal efficiencies of various pollutants in wastewater． The results demonstrated that when the vermifiltration operated for 90 days continuously，the removal efficiency of multistage earthworm ecofilter on COD，TP，NH3 － N，TN and SS was 78. 7%，93. 4%，74. 9%， 60. 4% and 87. 5% respectively． And the effluent quality met the level Ⅱ standards of“Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant”( GB 18918—2002) ． The design of vermifiltration with secondary structure improved the stability of sewage treatment and the quality of final effluent． The earthworms adapted the vermifiltration well at the early stage． The quantity and average weight of the earthworms increased obviously，indicating that the earthworms had good adaptability，growth and reproduction in vermifiltration，which could ensure the stability of vermifiltration． This technology has advantages of simple process，good treatment efficiency，environment friendly，low investment and flexible scale，thus possessing good application prospect．
The experiment adopted a dual-stage hybrid soil packing vermifiltration to evaluate the removal efficiencies of various pollutants in wastewater． The results demonstrated that when the vermifiltration operated for 90 days continuously，the removal efficiency of multistage earthworm ecofilter on COD，TP，NH3 － N，TN and SS was 78. 7%，93. 4%，74. 9%， 60. 4% and 87. 5% respectively． And the effluent quality met the level Ⅱ standards of“Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant”( GB 18918—2002) ． The design of vermifiltration with secondary structure improved the stability of sewage treatment and the quality of final effluent． The earthworms adapted the vermifiltration well at the early stage． The quantity and average weight of the earthworms increased obviously，indicating that the earthworms had good adaptability，growth and reproduction in vermifiltration，which could ensure the stability of vermifiltration． This technology has advantages of simple process，good treatment efficiency，environment friendly，low investment and flexible scale，thus possessing good application prospect．
2015, 33(3): 42-44.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503008
Abstract:
Low nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacity had been revealed when integrated vertical flow constructed wetland were on trial to treat urban sewage． In this study，compound bacterium agent and acorus calamus were applied for biological enhancement for an integrated vertical flow constructed wetland． Comparisons had been made on the system's treatment effects under different conditions such as non-enhancing，compound bacterium agent enhancing，and cogradient enhancing of acorus calamus and bacterium agent，and the results showed that after the cogradient enhancement，the system's purifying capacity had been enhanced greatly． The COD and TP of effluent could reach Rank A in the first class discharge standard of China and the effluent's NH+ 4 －N could reach Rank A in second class discharge standard．
Low nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacity had been revealed when integrated vertical flow constructed wetland were on trial to treat urban sewage． In this study，compound bacterium agent and acorus calamus were applied for biological enhancement for an integrated vertical flow constructed wetland． Comparisons had been made on the system's treatment effects under different conditions such as non-enhancing，compound bacterium agent enhancing，and cogradient enhancing of acorus calamus and bacterium agent，and the results showed that after the cogradient enhancement，the system's purifying capacity had been enhanced greatly． The COD and TP of effluent could reach Rank A in the first class discharge standard of China and the effluent's NH+ 4 －N could reach Rank A in second class discharge standard．
2015, 33(3): 45-49.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503009
Abstract:
Effects of oil-water ratio，polymers，surfactants and natural solid particles on wastewater emulsification were studied by simulating oilfield produced liquid． With the decline of oil-water ratio，the oil content of water was reduced，Zeta potential of oil beads was increased and the average particle size became larger，then watery emulsion stability was weakened． HPAM was adsorbed on the surface of oil droplets，which enhanced oil droplets electronegativity and reduced the effective collision probability between oil droplets，so the average particle size of oil droplets became smaller and oil water separation became difficult． The surface tension of water samples was reduced by surfactants and oil-water affinity was enhanced，which resulted in the fact that the oil contents were increased，oil droplets electronegativity was enhanced and oil droplets coalescence became more difficult． For the electronegative of natural solid particles，the Zeta potential of the oil droplet was reduced and electronegativity was enhanced，which against oil droplets coalescence，resulting in increased oil content and more stable emulsion．
Effects of oil-water ratio，polymers，surfactants and natural solid particles on wastewater emulsification were studied by simulating oilfield produced liquid． With the decline of oil-water ratio，the oil content of water was reduced，Zeta potential of oil beads was increased and the average particle size became larger，then watery emulsion stability was weakened． HPAM was adsorbed on the surface of oil droplets，which enhanced oil droplets electronegativity and reduced the effective collision probability between oil droplets，so the average particle size of oil droplets became smaller and oil water separation became difficult． The surface tension of water samples was reduced by surfactants and oil-water affinity was enhanced，which resulted in the fact that the oil contents were increased，oil droplets electronegativity was enhanced and oil droplets coalescence became more difficult． For the electronegative of natural solid particles，the Zeta potential of the oil droplet was reduced and electronegativity was enhanced，which against oil droplets coalescence，resulting in increased oil content and more stable emulsion．
2015, 33(3): 50-55.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503010
Abstract:
As a new type of oil sorbent，the oil sorption capacity of hydrophyte materials ( Eichhornia crassipes stem and leaf， Pistiastratiotes leaf) were compared with traditional vegetable sorbents ( rice straw，Hawaii nut shell and sugarcane bagasse) ． Surface characteristics，functional group properties，oil sorption capacity and superficial hydrophobicity of each material were studied． The results showed that: Hydrophyte materials had larger oil sorption capacity and their leaves were highly hydrophobic，thus they were ideal oil sorbents for in-situ treatment． Hydrophobicity of rice straw was comparatively weaker， but it was also a good oil sorbent． Eichhornia crassipes stem was highly hydrophilic，and as smaller buoyancy and weaker hydrophobicity，similar to Hawaii nut shell and sugarcane bagasse． In addition，it could adsorb hexane fast and be used as filler materials in oily wastewater treatment．
As a new type of oil sorbent，the oil sorption capacity of hydrophyte materials ( Eichhornia crassipes stem and leaf， Pistiastratiotes leaf) were compared with traditional vegetable sorbents ( rice straw，Hawaii nut shell and sugarcane bagasse) ． Surface characteristics，functional group properties，oil sorption capacity and superficial hydrophobicity of each material were studied． The results showed that: Hydrophyte materials had larger oil sorption capacity and their leaves were highly hydrophobic，thus they were ideal oil sorbents for in-situ treatment． Hydrophobicity of rice straw was comparatively weaker， but it was also a good oil sorbent． Eichhornia crassipes stem was highly hydrophilic，and as smaller buoyancy and weaker hydrophobicity，similar to Hawaii nut shell and sugarcane bagasse． In addition，it could adsorb hexane fast and be used as filler materials in oily wastewater treatment．
2015, 33(3): 56-59.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503011
Abstract:
The discharge voltage，initial concentration of Escherichia coli，different test device were investigated while treating Escherichia coli from a wastewater treatment plant by streamer corona plasmas; and researchers compared the result of streamer corona plasmas and ozone disinfection． The results showed that the sterilization rate of Escherichia coli was 99% when initial concentration of Escherichia coli was 480 000 per litre，discharge time was 45 min，volume of water sample was 50 L，gas flow rate was 8 m3 /h，discharge voltage was 30 kV，the current was 11 mA in the tank at the room temperature; streamer corona plasmas and ozone disinfection had high sterilization capability，but the economic cost of streamer corona plasmas was cheaper than ozone disinfection．
The discharge voltage，initial concentration of Escherichia coli，different test device were investigated while treating Escherichia coli from a wastewater treatment plant by streamer corona plasmas; and researchers compared the result of streamer corona plasmas and ozone disinfection． The results showed that the sterilization rate of Escherichia coli was 99% when initial concentration of Escherichia coli was 480 000 per litre，discharge time was 45 min，volume of water sample was 50 L，gas flow rate was 8 m3 /h，discharge voltage was 30 kV，the current was 11 mA in the tank at the room temperature; streamer corona plasmas and ozone disinfection had high sterilization capability，but the economic cost of streamer corona plasmas was cheaper than ozone disinfection．
2015, 33(3): 60-64.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503012
Abstract:
The improved artificial wetland was selected to treat river water，for its C/N deficiency and low P concentration． The improved wetland contains subsurface flow and vertical flow segments． The subsurface flow segment is filled with zeolites and rotten wood，which play the role of external carbon source． The vertical flow segment is filled with cement bricks，and planted with canna on it． The result showed that the improved wetland had high efficiency on nitrogen and phosphorus removal． Nitrogen was mainly removed during the subsurface flow segment，the removal rate of ammonia and total nitrogen could exceed 90%，and the external carbon source did not affect the quality of water． While phosphorus was removed mainly in vertical flow segment． Cements bricks had better performance on the low concentration P removal，but they need to be changed frequently，with a short lifetime． Canna had little effect on nitrogen removal of wetland．
The improved artificial wetland was selected to treat river water，for its C/N deficiency and low P concentration． The improved wetland contains subsurface flow and vertical flow segments． The subsurface flow segment is filled with zeolites and rotten wood，which play the role of external carbon source． The vertical flow segment is filled with cement bricks，and planted with canna on it． The result showed that the improved wetland had high efficiency on nitrogen and phosphorus removal． Nitrogen was mainly removed during the subsurface flow segment，the removal rate of ammonia and total nitrogen could exceed 90%，and the external carbon source did not affect the quality of water． While phosphorus was removed mainly in vertical flow segment． Cements bricks had better performance on the low concentration P removal，but they need to be changed frequently，with a short lifetime． Canna had little effect on nitrogen removal of wetland．
2015, 33(3): 65-68.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503013
Abstract:
With the implementation of the“Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Thermal Power Plants”( GB 13223— 2011) ，the key regions have to execute the most strict emissions standards that the dust emission concentration is required to be lower 20 mg /m3 ． In order to meet the requirements，the existing electrostatic precipitators ( ESP) need to be reformed． The wet electrostatic precipitator ( WESP) can further reduce the particle，droplet and heavy metal concentrations． Through the improvement of the traditional wet electrostatic precipitator，we developed the deep purification system with flexible collection electrode to purify the flus gas after the flue gas desulfurization ( FGD) ． The technology as a demonstration project of China Guodian Corporation is for the first time used in large units of thermal power plant． The engineering project attracts the attention of environmental protection field． The commissioning results demonstrate that the WESP has high adaptability，dust and droplet removal effect，and unaffected by the coal smoke characteristics． It will have a good development prospect．
With the implementation of the“Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Thermal Power Plants”( GB 13223— 2011) ，the key regions have to execute the most strict emissions standards that the dust emission concentration is required to be lower 20 mg /m3 ． In order to meet the requirements，the existing electrostatic precipitators ( ESP) need to be reformed． The wet electrostatic precipitator ( WESP) can further reduce the particle，droplet and heavy metal concentrations． Through the improvement of the traditional wet electrostatic precipitator，we developed the deep purification system with flexible collection electrode to purify the flus gas after the flue gas desulfurization ( FGD) ． The technology as a demonstration project of China Guodian Corporation is for the first time used in large units of thermal power plant． The engineering project attracts the attention of environmental protection field． The commissioning results demonstrate that the WESP has high adaptability，dust and droplet removal effect，and unaffected by the coal smoke characteristics． It will have a good development prospect．
2015, 33(3): 69-72.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503014
Abstract:
The developing economic promotes the advances in aviation industry，which results in the pollution of the airport atmosphere． The harm of airport atmosphere pollution and its principle are summarized，and the conclusion is drawn that aircraft emission is the direct pollution source of the atmosphere greenhouse effect． Several domestic and international typical aircraft emission assessment models are compared，and then，measures to reduce the environmental pollution of the aircraft emission are summaried
The developing economic promotes the advances in aviation industry，which results in the pollution of the airport atmosphere． The harm of airport atmosphere pollution and its principle are summarized，and the conclusion is drawn that aircraft emission is the direct pollution source of the atmosphere greenhouse effect． Several domestic and international typical aircraft emission assessment models are compared，and then，measures to reduce the environmental pollution of the aircraft emission are summaried
2015, 33(3): 73-76.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503015
Abstract:
By using the monitoring data of PM10 and PM2. 5 of Wuhan and Xi'an in 2013，the pollution level of PM10 and PM2. 5 was analyzed and compared between the two cities． According to the secondary concentration limit of“Ambient Air Quality Standards of China”( GB 3095—2012) ，the pollution status of PM2. 5 is very serious both in Wuhan and Xi'an，the pollution of PM10 is relatively lighter． On the whole，the pollution of Xi'an is more serious than Wuhan． The PM2. 5 accounts for about 79% of the total PM10 in Xi' an． The problem of pollution of PM10 and PM2. 5 in Wuhan and Xi' an should be paid attention by relevant departments．
By using the monitoring data of PM10 and PM2. 5 of Wuhan and Xi'an in 2013，the pollution level of PM10 and PM2. 5 was analyzed and compared between the two cities． According to the secondary concentration limit of“Ambient Air Quality Standards of China”( GB 3095—2012) ，the pollution status of PM2. 5 is very serious both in Wuhan and Xi'an，the pollution of PM10 is relatively lighter． On the whole，the pollution of Xi'an is more serious than Wuhan． The PM2. 5 accounts for about 79% of the total PM10 in Xi' an． The problem of pollution of PM10 and PM2. 5 in Wuhan and Xi' an should be paid attention by relevant departments．
2015, 33(3): 77-81.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503016
Abstract:
In order to solve some problems in the bag filter such as the uneven distribution of the inner flow field，exceeding hith velocity of flue gas near some points of the bag，the Fluent software is used to numerically simulate the internal flow field of bag filter， and a new kind of composite guide plate was set inside the bag filter． The result of numerical simulation shows that the average velocity and the axial velocity of the flue gas which flow into the bag-type strainer area decrease sharply after the composite guiding plate is set up． At the same time，the internal flow field distribution becomes more homogeneous． This could provides a reliable structure improvement method for bag filter．
In order to solve some problems in the bag filter such as the uneven distribution of the inner flow field，exceeding hith velocity of flue gas near some points of the bag，the Fluent software is used to numerically simulate the internal flow field of bag filter， and a new kind of composite guide plate was set inside the bag filter． The result of numerical simulation shows that the average velocity and the axial velocity of the flue gas which flow into the bag-type strainer area decrease sharply after the composite guiding plate is set up． At the same time，the internal flow field distribution becomes more homogeneous． This could provides a reliable structure improvement method for bag filter．
2015, 33(3): 82-87.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503017
Abstract:
Based on computational fluid dynamics ( CFD) technology，numerical simulation on spray scrubber of flue gas treatment system of a boron ferroalloy plant was carried out on fluent plantform，and the existing operating parameters and conditions were considered． The distribution of flow field in the conditions with and without spray was compared，in addition， the effects of spray pressure，inlet velocity of flue gas and uniformity of droplet distribution were analyzed． Higher spray pressure and lower gas velocity help the mass transfer between gas-liquid phase，besides the gas-liquid phase mass transfer efficiency is closely related with the droplet distribution．
Based on computational fluid dynamics ( CFD) technology，numerical simulation on spray scrubber of flue gas treatment system of a boron ferroalloy plant was carried out on fluent plantform，and the existing operating parameters and conditions were considered． The distribution of flow field in the conditions with and without spray was compared，in addition， the effects of spray pressure，inlet velocity of flue gas and uniformity of droplet distribution were analyzed． Higher spray pressure and lower gas velocity help the mass transfer between gas-liquid phase，besides the gas-liquid phase mass transfer efficiency is closely related with the droplet distribution．
2015, 33(3): 88-91.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503018
Abstract:
When nanomaterials entered the soil in form of pollutants，it would have an impact on the soil environment． In this paper，the theoretical and experimental studies abroad were summarized． Theoretically， the transportation process of nanomaterials in the soil was preliminarily explained refering colloid transport mechanism． Experimentally， column experiments were commonly used to simulate the transportation process of nanomaterials in porous media，and the main factors affecting its transportation performance were also explored． Finally，based on the results and shortages of the existing research， the corresponding research prospects were proposed．
When nanomaterials entered the soil in form of pollutants，it would have an impact on the soil environment． In this paper，the theoretical and experimental studies abroad were summarized． Theoretically， the transportation process of nanomaterials in the soil was preliminarily explained refering colloid transport mechanism． Experimentally， column experiments were commonly used to simulate the transportation process of nanomaterials in porous media，and the main factors affecting its transportation performance were also explored． Finally，based on the results and shortages of the existing research， the corresponding research prospects were proposed．
2015, 33(3): 92-96.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503019
Abstract:
The paper focuses on the site grading design for the food waste management company ( proposed) in a city． Matlab software is used to optimize the terraced site grading design． Firstly，contour method is used to calculate the excavation and filling of each step to get the datum by AutoCAD． On the basis of it，Matlab software were used to fit the functions between the design elevation and earthwork volume of each step，and solve the equations set under the constraint conditions． Then get the optimal design elevations and the minimum earthwork quantity based on the balance of excavation and filling，to provide the optimized design of the general horizontal layout． This method can offer the reference to analysis and design the general layout of industrial enterprises terraced field．
The paper focuses on the site grading design for the food waste management company ( proposed) in a city． Matlab software is used to optimize the terraced site grading design． Firstly，contour method is used to calculate the excavation and filling of each step to get the datum by AutoCAD． On the basis of it，Matlab software were used to fit the functions between the design elevation and earthwork volume of each step，and solve the equations set under the constraint conditions． Then get the optimal design elevations and the minimum earthwork quantity based on the balance of excavation and filling，to provide the optimized design of the general horizontal layout． This method can offer the reference to analysis and design the general layout of industrial enterprises terraced field．
2015, 33(3): 97-101.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503020
Abstract:
In order to explore an effective process for reducing the quantity of arsenic discharged into environment，several kinds of technologies involving hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgy for utilizing the arsenic dust produced during roasting and smelting in metallurgical and chemistry industry，as well as the arsenic sulfide and arsenide in purification process were reviewed detail． The advantages and flaws existing in these methods were also compared and analyzed thoroughly． In the end， the trend of treating arsenic waste goods effectively were prospected．
In order to explore an effective process for reducing the quantity of arsenic discharged into environment，several kinds of technologies involving hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgy for utilizing the arsenic dust produced during roasting and smelting in metallurgical and chemistry industry，as well as the arsenic sulfide and arsenide in purification process were reviewed detail． The advantages and flaws existing in these methods were also compared and analyzed thoroughly． In the end， the trend of treating arsenic waste goods effectively were prospected．
2015, 33(3): 102-105.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503021
Abstract:
For raising the utilization rate of the iron and steel slag，experimental programs were carried out to study the influence of ground iron and steel slag on the compressive strength，workability and temperature-raising of concrete． Some constructions were also introduced． Experimental results showed that ground iron and steel slag can increase the concrete compressive strength under the same dosage of the sinter materials; or if same compressive strength was expected，the dosage of the sinter materials could be decreased． Also it can improve the concrete workability and decline the concrete temperature． The results shows that ground iron and steel slag is a new type of concrete admixture
For raising the utilization rate of the iron and steel slag，experimental programs were carried out to study the influence of ground iron and steel slag on the compressive strength，workability and temperature-raising of concrete． Some constructions were also introduced． Experimental results showed that ground iron and steel slag can increase the concrete compressive strength under the same dosage of the sinter materials; or if same compressive strength was expected，the dosage of the sinter materials could be decreased． Also it can improve the concrete workability and decline the concrete temperature． The results shows that ground iron and steel slag is a new type of concrete admixture
2015, 33(3): 106-109.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503022
Abstract:
As a new means of anaerobic digestion pretreatment，pulsed electric field( PEF) technology is highly concerned by foreign scholars． PEF can improve the physical and chemical properties of the sludge effectively，increase the concentration of dissolved substances in the sludge，and enhance the process of anaerobic digestion and methanogenic efficiency． Also PEF can be used as external electron donor for the denitrification nitrogen． But the treatment effect is influenced by many factors，and only under the rational conditions，the pretreatment effect of the sludge would achieve the best results． Since the application of PEF technology for domestic sludge pretreatment process is still in its infancy，according to literature，the mechanism of PEF technology is presented，and the effect of each control parameter is analyzed． At last，in order to provide scientific fundation for the actual production process，more research on its mechanism，related factors and operating equipment in the future studies are demanded．
As a new means of anaerobic digestion pretreatment，pulsed electric field( PEF) technology is highly concerned by foreign scholars． PEF can improve the physical and chemical properties of the sludge effectively，increase the concentration of dissolved substances in the sludge，and enhance the process of anaerobic digestion and methanogenic efficiency． Also PEF can be used as external electron donor for the denitrification nitrogen． But the treatment effect is influenced by many factors，and only under the rational conditions，the pretreatment effect of the sludge would achieve the best results． Since the application of PEF technology for domestic sludge pretreatment process is still in its infancy，according to literature，the mechanism of PEF technology is presented，and the effect of each control parameter is analyzed． At last，in order to provide scientific fundation for the actual production process，more research on its mechanism，related factors and operating equipment in the future studies are demanded．
2015, 33(3): 110-112.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503023
Abstract:
To overcome the subjective factors of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation applied in water quality，the water quality indexes were assumed to be normal-distributed random variables，then the probability was introduced and a practical membership function was constructed． The method with the new function was sensitive to show a distinct difference in the comprehensive water quality of different time or waters by calculating a comprehensive pollution index． By researching 9-year water quality on Hefei section of Chaohulake，the method is proven to be effective．
To overcome the subjective factors of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation applied in water quality，the water quality indexes were assumed to be normal-distributed random variables，then the probability was introduced and a practical membership function was constructed． The method with the new function was sensitive to show a distinct difference in the comprehensive water quality of different time or waters by calculating a comprehensive pollution index． By researching 9-year water quality on Hefei section of Chaohulake，the method is proven to be effective．
2015, 33(3): 118-121.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503024
Abstract:
Environmental impact factors of green construction are identified in different construction stages by using the method of process analysis，and the evaluation system of green construction environmental factors is established． The weight sequence is calculated by using the improved analytic hierarchy process ( IAHP ) and the influence degree model of important environmental factors is set up，then the environmental impact factors in different construction stages are evaluated． Based on the theories and methods mentioned in the paper，a project of green construction in Nanjing is given as a calculation example． Result shows that IAHP is a simple，practical，scientific and effective method． At the same time，the study will provide a reference for other construction projects in evaluating the environmental factors．
Environmental impact factors of green construction are identified in different construction stages by using the method of process analysis，and the evaluation system of green construction environmental factors is established． The weight sequence is calculated by using the improved analytic hierarchy process ( IAHP ) and the influence degree model of important environmental factors is set up，then the environmental impact factors in different construction stages are evaluated． Based on the theories and methods mentioned in the paper，a project of green construction in Nanjing is given as a calculation example． Result shows that IAHP is a simple，practical，scientific and effective method． At the same time，the study will provide a reference for other construction projects in evaluating the environmental factors．
2015, 33(3): 122-125.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503025
Abstract:
Scientific and reasonable monitoring indexes are the key point in building water pollutant total amount monitoring system． Based on single index and lack of characterstic monitoring indicators which represent pollution emission，the optimization and selection of monitoring indicators were launched． Taking papermaking industry as the research object in demonstration area，comprehensive evaluation and three parameters comprehensive evaluation index method were adopted to select monitor index， the system of monitoring indicators including COD，ammonia nitrogen， suspengded matter，oil， sulphide， chloride，volatilephenol and AOX were sucessfully established． This study will provide theoretical basis and technical supporting building dynamic， intelligent water environment safety and pollution monitoring system．
Scientific and reasonable monitoring indexes are the key point in building water pollutant total amount monitoring system． Based on single index and lack of characterstic monitoring indicators which represent pollution emission，the optimization and selection of monitoring indicators were launched． Taking papermaking industry as the research object in demonstration area，comprehensive evaluation and three parameters comprehensive evaluation index method were adopted to select monitor index， the system of monitoring indicators including COD，ammonia nitrogen， suspengded matter，oil， sulphide， chloride，volatilephenol and AOX were sucessfully established． This study will provide theoretical basis and technical supporting building dynamic， intelligent water environment safety and pollution monitoring system．
2015, 33(3): 131-135.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503026
Abstract:
In order to compare and study the application characteristics of AHP and fuzzy evaluation method ( FEM) in landfill siting，as well as the possibility of combining the two methods，the suitability of four selected landfills ( proposed) in Guangzhou was evaluated with natural and geographical conditions， geological conditions， engineering geology and environmental conditions as the evaluation criteria． Xingfeng Landfill Site was determined to be the best ultimately，which matches with the actual application after the calculation of FEM based on weighting determined by AHP． Through comparision， the accuracy of FEM in selection of parameters and the quantitative is higher． While AHP is more convenient in the computation． The result of AHP is better consistent with the actual in judging the applicability of the results． The research shows that the comprehensive application of the two methods is feasible and can improve the accuracy of evaluation results．
In order to compare and study the application characteristics of AHP and fuzzy evaluation method ( FEM) in landfill siting，as well as the possibility of combining the two methods，the suitability of four selected landfills ( proposed) in Guangzhou was evaluated with natural and geographical conditions， geological conditions， engineering geology and environmental conditions as the evaluation criteria． Xingfeng Landfill Site was determined to be the best ultimately，which matches with the actual application after the calculation of FEM based on weighting determined by AHP． Through comparision， the accuracy of FEM in selection of parameters and the quantitative is higher． While AHP is more convenient in the computation． The result of AHP is better consistent with the actual in judging the applicability of the results． The research shows that the comprehensive application of the two methods is feasible and can improve the accuracy of evaluation results．
2015, 33(3): 136-140.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503027
Abstract:
In order to make a brief discussion and summarization of the present situation and problems of heavy metal reference materials，and meet the needs of the full implementation of“Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Pollution of Heavy Metals in the Twelfth Five-Year-Plan”and other relevant environmental standards， the relevant countermeasures and suggestions on the development of environmental reference materials on the basis of problem analysis were put forward．
In order to make a brief discussion and summarization of the present situation and problems of heavy metal reference materials，and meet the needs of the full implementation of“Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Pollution of Heavy Metals in the Twelfth Five-Year-Plan”and other relevant environmental standards， the relevant countermeasures and suggestions on the development of environmental reference materials on the basis of problem analysis were put forward．
2015, 33(3): 141-144.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503028
Abstract:
As human enjoy the convenience of the advanced technologies， electromagnetic radiation is gradually coming into our living space． By detecting the electromagnetic condition in the city of Baotou for many years，including the electromagnetic radiation of TV and medium wave around the tower，the environmental quality and the main sources of electomagnetic radiation pollution． Integrated electromagnetic values range for environmental monitoring field is between 0. 30 V/m and 0. 47 V/m，the average annual value is 0. 41 V/m． Because the average value of integrated field strength of the radio and television transmission towers is differentiated by the distance，ranges from 1. 26 to 3. 43 V/m and from 1. 44 to 5. 34 V/m，seperately． These monitoring values are within the standard limits． However，it can be concluded that the high impact of the radio and television transmission towers on the electromagnetic radiation environment．
As human enjoy the convenience of the advanced technologies， electromagnetic radiation is gradually coming into our living space． By detecting the electromagnetic condition in the city of Baotou for many years，including the electromagnetic radiation of TV and medium wave around the tower，the environmental quality and the main sources of electomagnetic radiation pollution． Integrated electromagnetic values range for environmental monitoring field is between 0. 30 V/m and 0. 47 V/m，the average annual value is 0. 41 V/m． Because the average value of integrated field strength of the radio and television transmission towers is differentiated by the distance，ranges from 1. 26 to 3. 43 V/m and from 1. 44 to 5. 34 V/m，seperately． These monitoring values are within the standard limits． However，it can be concluded that the high impact of the radio and television transmission towers on the electromagnetic radiation environment．
2015, 33(3): 145-148.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503029
Abstract:
Energy audit is a concrete measure for a state to establish a long-term energy saving mechanism． An energy audit of edible oil enterprise in Tianjin was stated during March to June of 2012． A detailed energy consumption survey had been accomplished，in order to optimize the energy allocation and improve the efficiency of energy utilization． Based on those，the energy-saving potential capacity were evaluated and energy-saving technologiecal suggestion were proposed． And this could contribute to adjust the industrial structure and reduce the production cost for edible oil industry
Energy audit is a concrete measure for a state to establish a long-term energy saving mechanism． An energy audit of edible oil enterprise in Tianjin was stated during March to June of 2012． A detailed energy consumption survey had been accomplished，in order to optimize the energy allocation and improve the efficiency of energy utilization． Based on those，the energy-saving potential capacity were evaluated and energy-saving technologiecal suggestion were proposed． And this could contribute to adjust the industrial structure and reduce the production cost for edible oil industry
2015, 33(3): 153-157.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503030
Abstract:
In order to achieve the goal of controlling haze，renewable energy applications had been being promoted in China． “Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development and Utilization of Geothermal Energy”will actively promote the shallow geothermal energy，expanding its proportion of energy used in buildings． However，shallow geothermal energy application is facing a series of obstacles． In order to overcome the failure of market regulation，by means of dynamic principle of things， combining with the full life cycle theory，relying on AHP，we propose critical path of energy application，and design a longterm energy management system．
In order to achieve the goal of controlling haze，renewable energy applications had been being promoted in China． “Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development and Utilization of Geothermal Energy”will actively promote the shallow geothermal energy，expanding its proportion of energy used in buildings． However，shallow geothermal energy application is facing a series of obstacles． In order to overcome the failure of market regulation，by means of dynamic principle of things， combining with the full life cycle theory，relying on AHP，we propose critical path of energy application，and design a longterm energy management system．
2015, 33(3): 158-162.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503031
Abstract:
As the transition zone of agriculture area and animal husbandry of China，agro-pastoral ecotone’s ecosystem mutation and change direction of uncertainty have been becoming increasingly prominent． Based on the review of the natural conditions，existing problem and developing progress of agro-pastoral ecotone，the current status analysis was focuses on: 1) the land use pattern variation，intensity，mode and its driving force; 2) the effects of land use and structure changes of spatial distribution in ecological processes and regional ecological environment; 3) the status and on progress interaction between soil and plant evolution process and its mechanism，based on ecological stoichiometry method． Finally，research status，progress and current deficiency of many fundamental theories and research methods are analyzed and prospect．
As the transition zone of agriculture area and animal husbandry of China，agro-pastoral ecotone’s ecosystem mutation and change direction of uncertainty have been becoming increasingly prominent． Based on the review of the natural conditions，existing problem and developing progress of agro-pastoral ecotone，the current status analysis was focuses on: 1) the land use pattern variation，intensity，mode and its driving force; 2) the effects of land use and structure changes of spatial distribution in ecological processes and regional ecological environment; 3) the status and on progress interaction between soil and plant evolution process and its mechanism，based on ecological stoichiometry method． Finally，research status，progress and current deficiency of many fundamental theories and research methods are analyzed and prospect．
2015, 33(3): 163-167.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201503032
Abstract:
With various preparing methods emerged，there has been a fast development in nanoparticals preparing techniques． Biological method become a popularized object to research by scholars because of many advantages of biosynthetic nanoparticles such as a wide source of raw materials，mild reaction conditions，nonagglomerated nanoparticles，and less toxic byproducts． The synthesis methods and mechanism of iron nanoparticals by using microorganism and plant extracts at domestic and abroad are expounded，and application of iron nanoparticles in the field of environmental protection were reviewed． Finally，the indepth study on synthesis method of iron nanopaticals in the future was prospected．
With various preparing methods emerged，there has been a fast development in nanoparticals preparing techniques． Biological method become a popularized object to research by scholars because of many advantages of biosynthetic nanoparticles such as a wide source of raw materials，mild reaction conditions，nonagglomerated nanoparticles，and less toxic byproducts． The synthesis methods and mechanism of iron nanoparticals by using microorganism and plant extracts at domestic and abroad are expounded，and application of iron nanoparticles in the field of environmental protection were reviewed． Finally，the indepth study on synthesis method of iron nanopaticals in the future was prospected．
