Research progress and challenges of low/moderate temperature CO<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>4</sub> reforming resource utilization technology

WANG Zhengcheng; LI Jinhua; ZHENG Qiying; ZHANG Shanshan; ZHU Xiaoxiao; TIAN Chengcheng

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202510014

Volume 43 Issue 10

Oct. 2025

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING > 2025 > 43(10): 121-133

WANG Zhengcheng, LI Jinhua, ZHENG Qiying, ZHANG Shanshan, ZHU Xiaoxiao, TIAN Chengcheng. Research progress and challenges of low/moderate temperature CO2-CH4 reforming resource utilization technology[J]. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING , 2025, 43(10): 121-133. doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202510014

Citation:

WANG Zhengcheng, LI Jinhua, ZHENG Qiying, ZHANG Shanshan, ZHU Xiaoxiao, TIAN Chengcheng. Research progress and challenges of low/moderate temperature CO₂-CH₄ reforming resource utilization technology[J]. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING , 2025, 43(10): 121-133. doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202510014

Citation:

PDF( 1727 KB)

Research progress and challenges of low/moderate temperature CO₂-CH₄ reforming resource utilization technology

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202510014

1. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

Received Date: 2025-04-01
Accepted Date: 2025-05-29
Rev Recd Date: 2025-05-02

Available Online: 2025-12-03

Publish Date: 2025-10-01

Abstract

Abstract

The issue of global climate change is becoming increasingly severe， and the reduction and resource utilization of CO₂ and CH₄， as major greenhouse gases， are crucial for achieving the carbon neutrality goals. As a key technology that transforms greenhouse gases into syngas （H₂ and CO）， the CO₂-CH₄ reforming reaction has the dual potential for emissions reduction and value creation. However， the reaction's highly endothermic nature necessitates high-temperature conditions， leading to catalyst sintering， high reactor cost， and significant energy consumption. Therefore， the development of catalysts that can efficiently catalyze this reaction at low/moderate temperature （<700 ℃） becomes a research focus. This work centers on innovations in catalytic systems for low/moderate temperature （<700 ℃） reaction， reviewing the latest progress in precious metal， Ni-based， Co-based， and bimetallic catalysts. It analyzes the structure-performance relationships of different systems across active sites， support structures， and interfacial properties， focusing on reaction pathway modulation and anti-coking mechanisms. Strategies for rational catalyst design based on synergistic effects are also proposed. The findings provide a theoretical perspective to overcome kinetic limitations of low/moderate temperatures， aiming to help advance the engineering application of greenhouse gas resource utilization technologies.
- greenhouse gases,
- CO₂-CH₄ reforming,
- low/moderate temperature,
- CO₂ activation,
- carbon deposition

FullText(HTML)

References(90)

References

[1]	SU J Z，WEN M，DING Y H，et al. Hiatus of global warming:a review［J］. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences，2016，40（6）:1143-1153. 苏京志，温敏，丁一汇，等. 全球变暖趋缓研究进展［J］. 大气科学，2016，40（6）:1143-1153.
[2]	LIU Z，DENG Z，DAVIS S J，et al. Monitoring global carbon emissions in 2021［J］. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment，2022，3（4）:217-219.
[3]	TONG D，ZHANG Q，ZHENG Y，et al. Committed emissions from existing energy infrastructure jeopardize 1.5 ℃ climate target［J］. Nature，2019，572（7769）:373-377.
[4]	LU X，TONG D，HE K B. China's carbon neutrality:an extensive and profound systemic reform［J］. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering，2023，17（2）:14.
[5]	ETMINAN M，MYHRE G，HIGHWOOD E J，et al. Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide，methane，and nitrous oxide:a significant revision of the methane radiative forcing［J］. Geophysical Research Letters，2016，43（24）:12614-12623.
[6]	WANG W，GAO J，QIN H，et al. The study on greenhouse effect，Emission quantification and control of methane［J］. Urban Gas，2020（4）:4-9. 汪维，高霁，秦虎，等. 甲烷的温室效应及排放、控制［J］. 城市燃气，2020（4）:4-9.
[7]	CHEN B J，YANG G G. Research progress on methane reforming technology［J］. Modern Chemical Industry，2021，41（8）:19-23. 陈彪杰，杨国刚. 甲烷重整技术研究进展［J］. 现代化工，2021，41（8）:19-23.
[8]	XU X Y，LI H B，CHEN C，et al. Research Progress on methane generation and emission from urban sewage systems［J］. Environmental Engineering，2024，42（11）:29-39. 徐祥雨，李怀波，陈灿，等. 城市污水系统甲烷产生与排放研究进展［J］. 环境工程，2024，42（11）:29-39.
[9]	HEPBURN C，ADLEN E，BEDDINGTON J，et al. The technological and economic prospects for CO₂ utilization and removal［J］. Nature，2019，575（7781）:87-97.
[10]	XU J，CHENG J，HE R T，et al. Revealing the GHG reduction potential of emerging biomass-based CO₂ utilization with an iron cycle system［J］. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering，2023，17（10）:127.
[11]	LAVOIE J M. Review on dry reforming of methane，a potentially more environmentally-friendly approach to the increasing natural gas exploitation［J］. Frontiers in Chemistry，2014，2:81.
[12]	WANG J Q，WANG Q Y，ZHU T H，et al. A review on research status of hydrogen production by methane reforming［J］. Modern Chemical Industry，2020，40（7）:15-20. 王嘉琦，王秋颖，朱桐慧，等. 甲烷重整制氢的研究现状分析［J］. 现代化工，2020，40（7）:15-20.
[13]	WANG F G，HAN K H，YU W S，et al. Low temperature CO₂ reforming with methane reaction over CeO₂-modified Ni@SiO₂ catalysts［J］. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces，2020，12（31）:35022-35034.
[14]	WANG Y，YAO L，WANG Y N，et al. Low-temperature catalytic CO₂ dry reforming of methane on Ni-Si/ZrO₂ catalyst［J］. ACS Catalysis，2018，8（7）:6495-6506.
[15]	SHEN D Y，LI Z，SHAN J，et al. Synergistic Pt-CeO₂ interface boosting low temperature dry reforming of methane［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2022，318:121809.
[16]	LIANG D F，WANG Y S，WANG Y L，et al. Dry reforming of methane for syngas production over noble metals modified M-Ni@S-1 catalysts（M = Pt，Pd，Ru，Au）［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy，2024，51:1002-1015.
[17]	SINGHA R K，YADAV A，SHUKLA A，et al. Low temperature dry reforming of methane over Pd-CeO₂ nanocatalyst［J］. Catalysis Communications，2017，92:19-22.
[18]	LEE J A，BAE Y，HONG K，et al. Comparative evaluation of Ni-based bimetallic catalysts for dry reforming of methane at low temperature:The effect of alloy itself on performance［J］. International Journal of Energy Research，2022，46（8）:11228-11249.
[19]	WANG Y，LI L，LI G Y，et al. Synergy of oxygen vacancies and Ni⁰ species to promote the stability of a Ni/ZrO₂ catalyst for dry reforming of methane at low temperatures［J］. ACS Catalysis，2023，13（10）:6486-6496.
[20]	LIU H，WIERZBICKI D，DEBEK R，et al. La-promoted Ni-hydrotalcite-derived catalysts for dry reforming of methane at low temperatures［J］. Fuel，2016，182:8-16.
[21]	SELVARAJAH K，PHUC N H H，ABDULLAH B，et al. Syngas production from methane dry reforming over Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst［J］. Research on Chemical Intermediates，2016，42（1）:269-288.
[22]	JANG W J，SHIM J O，KIM H M，et al. A review on dry reforming of methane in aspect of catalytic properties［J］. Catalysis Today，2019，324:15-26.
[23]	TIAN L，ZHAO X H，LIU B S，et al. Preparation of an industrial Ni-based catalyst and investigation on CH₄/CO₂ reforming to syngas［J］. Energy & Fuels，2009，23（1/2）:607-612.
[24]	LU J Y，GUO Y，LIU Q R，et al. Co-based catalysts for carbon dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas［J］. Progress in Chemistry，2017，29:1471-1479. 卢君颖，郭禹，刘其瑞，等. 甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气钴基催化剂［J］. 化学进展，2017，29（12）:1471-1479.
[25]	ZHANG M，ZHANG J F，ZHOU Z L，et al. Effects of the surface adsorbed oxygen species tuned by rare-earth metal doping on dry reforming of methane over Ni/ZrO₂ catalyst［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2020，264:118522.
[26]	THEOFANIDIS S A，GALVITA V V，POELMAN H，et al. Mechanism of carbon deposits removal from supported Ni catalysts［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2018，239:502-512.
[27]	YU J Q，LE T，JING D P，et al. Balancing elementary steps enables coke-free dry reforming of methane［J］. Nature Communications，2023，14（1）:7514.
[28]	WANG Z Y，CAO X M，ZHU J H，et al. Activity and coke formation of nickel and nickel carbide in dry reforming:a deactivation scheme from density functional theory［J］. Journal of Catalysis，2014，311:469-480.
[29]	YOON Y，YOU H M，KIM H J，et al. Computational catalyst design for dry reforming of methane:a review［J］. Energy & Fuels，2022，36（17）:9844-9865.
[30]	ZHANG S S，YING M，YU J，et al. Ni_xAl₁O_2-δ mesoporous catalysts for dry reforming of methane:The special role of NiAl₂O₄ spinel phase and its reaction mechanism［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2021，291:120074.
[31]	ELSAYED N H，ROBERTS N R M，JOSEPH B，et al. Low temperature dry reforming of methane over Pt-Ni-Mg/ceria-zirconia catalysts［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2015，179:213-219.
[32]	NIKOO M K，AMIN N A S. Thermodynamic analysis of carbon dioxide reforming of methane in view of solid carbon formation［J］. Fuel Processing Technology，2011，92（3）:678-691.
[33]	WANG Y，YAO L，WANG S H，et al. Low-temperature catalytic CO₂ dry reforming of methane on Ni-based catalysts:a review［J］. Fuel Processing Technology，2018，169:199-206.
[34]	SHARIFIANJAZI F，ESMAEILKHANIAN A，BAZLI L，et al. A review on recent advances in dry reforming of methane over Ni-and Co-based nanocatalysts［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy，2022，47（100）:42213-42233.
[35]	ABDULLAH B，GHANI N A A，VO D V N. Recent advances in dry reforming of methane over Ni-based catalysts［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production，2017，162:170-185.
[36]	KIM H M，KIM B J，JANG W J，et al. Effect of support materials and Ni loading on catalytic performance for carbon dioxide reforming of coke oven gas［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy，2019，44（16）:8233-8242.
[37]	HAN J W，PARK J S，CHOI M S，et al. Uncoupling the size and support effects of Ni catalysis for dry reforming of methane［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2017，203:625-632.
[38]	ZHAO H H，ZHANG W Z，SONG H L，et al. Highly coke-resistant Ni-La₂O₂CO₃ catalyst with low Ni loading for dry reforming of methane with carbon dioxide［J］. Catalysis Today，2022，402:189-201.
[39]	BIAN Z F，KAWI S. Sandwich-like silica@Ni@silica multicore-shell catalyst for the low-temperature dry reforming of methane:Confinement effect against carbon formation［J］. ChemCatChem，2018，10（1）:320-328.
[40]	ZHU L Y，LV Z Z，HUANG X，et al. Understanding the role of support structure in methane dry reforming for syngas production［J］. Fuel，2022，327:125163.
[41]	WANG F G，HAN B L，ZHANG L J，et al. CO₂ reforming with methane over small-sized Ni@SiO₂ catalysts with unique features of sintering-free and low carbon［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2018，235:26-35.
[42]	KIM S，LAUTERBACH J，SASMAZ E. Yolk-shell Pt-NiCe@SiO₂ single-atom-alloy catalysts for low-temperature dry reforming of methane［J］. ACS Catalysis，2021，11（13）:8247-8260.
[43]	WANG Q Q，WANG W，CAO M，et al. Effect of interstitial carbon atoms in core-shell Ni₃ZnC_0.7/Al₂O₃ catalyst for high-performance dry reforming of methane［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2022，317:121806.
[44]	SONG Z W，WANG Q Q，GUO C，et al. Improved effect of Fe on the stable NiFe/Al₂O₃ catalyst in low-temperature dry reforming of methane［J］. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research，2020，59（39）:17250-17258.
[45]	WANG Y H，LIU H M，XU B Q. Durable Ni/MgO catalysts for CO₂ reforming of methane:Activity and metal-support interaction［J］. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical，2009，299（1-2）:44-52.
[46]	DANGHYAN V，KUMAR A，MUKASYAN A，et al. An active and stable NiOMgO solid solution based catalysts prepared by paper assisted combustion synthesis for the dry reforming of methane［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2020，273:119056.
[47]	CáRDENAS-ARENAS A，BAILóN-GARCíA E，LOZANO-CASTELLó D，et al. Stable NiO-CeO₂ nanoparticles with improved carbon resistance for methane dry reforming［J］. Journal of Rare Earths，2022，40（1）:57-62.
[48]	LI R J，ZHANG J P，SHI J，et al. Regulation of metal-support interface of Ni/CeO₂ catalyst and the performance of low temperature chemical looping dry reforming of methane［J］. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology，2022，50（11）:1458-1470. 李睿杰，章菊萍，史健，等. Ni/CeO₂催化剂的金属-载体界面调控及其低温化学链甲烷干重整性能研究［J］. 燃料化学学报，2022，50（11）:1458-1470.
[49]	ZHANG M，ZHANG J F，WU Y Q，et al. Insight into the effects of the oxygen species over Ni/ZrO₂ catalyst surface on methane reforming with carbon dioxide［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2019，244:427-437.
[50]	YAO L，GALVEZ M E，HU C W，et al. Synthesis gas production via dry reforming of methane over manganese promoted nickel/cerium-zirconium oxide catalyst［J］. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research，2018，57（49）:16645-16656.
[51]	CAI G B，CHU W，WANG J J，et al. Zinc-zirconia composite oxide supported nickel catalysts for methane dry reforming reaction［J］. Chemical Research and Application，2023，35（9）:2205-2216. 蔡国兵，储伟，王佳杰，等. 锌锆复合氧化物担载镍基催化剂用于甲烷干重整反应［J］. 化学研究与应用，2023，35（9）:2205-2216.
[52]	LI W Z，ZHAO Z K，WANG G R. Modulating morphology and textural properties of ZrO₂ for supported Ni catalysts toward dry reforming of methane［J］. AIChE Journal，2017，63（7）:2900-2915.
[53]	ZHAN H J，SHI X Y，HUANG X，et al. Highly coke-resistant ordered mesoporous Ni/SiC with large surface areas in CO₂ reforming of CH₄［J］. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology，2019，47（8）:942-948. 詹海鹃，石晓燕，黄鑫，等. 高比表面积有序介孔Ni/SiC催化CH₄-CO₂重整反应［J］. 燃料化学学报，2019，47（8）:942-948.
[54]	LI X Y，LI D，TIAN H，et al. Dry reforming of methane over Ni/La₂O₃ nanorod catalysts with stabilized Ni nanoparticles［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2017，202:683-694.
[55]	DAS S，SENGUPTA M，PATEL J，et al. A study of the synergy between support surface properties and catalyst deactivation for CO₂ reforming over supported Ni nanoparticles［J］. Applied Catalysis A:General，2017，545:113-126.
[56]	PARK J H，YEO S，CHANG T S. Effect of supports on the performance of Co-based catalysts in methane dry reforming［J］. Journal of CO₂ Utilization，2018，26:465-475.
[57]	SONG D H，JUNG U H，KIM Y E，et al. Influence of supports on the catalytic activity and coke resistance of Ni catalyst in dry reforming of methane［J］. Catalysts，2022，12（2）:216.
[58]	WANG Y N，ZHANG R J，YAN B H. Ni/Ce_0.9Eu_0.1O_1.95 with enhanced coke resistance for dry reforming of methane［J］. Journal of Catalysis，2022，407:77-89.
[59]	WANG H Q，NING Y N，QIU L，et al. Effect of the interaction between metal and support on the carbon deposition performance of Ni/NiAl2O4 Catalyst for Dry Reforming of Methane［J］. Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology，2022，38（2）:115-125. 王慧琴，宁亚妮，邱丽，等. 金属与载体相互作用对Ni/NiAl₂O₄催化剂甲烷干重整积炭性能的影响［J］. 化学反应工程与工艺，2022，38（2）:115-125.
[60]	WU X L，LYU L H，MA Q X，et al. Research progress of nickel-based catalysts for carbon dioxide reforming of methane［J］. Clean Coal Technology，2021，27（3）:129-137. 吴兴亮，吕凌辉，马清祥，等. 甲烷二氧化碳重整镍基催化剂的研究进展［J］. 洁净煤技术，2021，27（3）:129-137.
[61]	AZANCOT L，BOBADILLA L F，CENTENO M A，et al. Effect of potassium loading on basic properties of Ni/MgAl₂O₄ catalyst for CO₂ reforming of methane［J］. Journal of CO₂ Utilization，2021，52:101681.
[62]	OU Z L，RAN J Y，QIU H Y，et al. Uncovering the effect of surface basicity on the carbon deposition of Ni/CeO₂ catalyst modified by oxides in DRM［J］. Fuel，2023，335:126994.
[63]	TEH L P，SETIABUDI H D，TIMMIATI S N，et al. Recent progress in ceria-based catalysts for the dry reforming of methane:A review［J］. Chemical Engineering Science，2021，239:116606.
[64]	ZHOU R F，MOHAMEDALI M，REN Y X，et al. Facile synthesis of multi-layered nanostructured Ni/CeO₂ catalyst plus in-situ pre-treatment for efficient dry reforming of methane［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2022，316:121696.
[65]	XIA H H，DANG C X，ZHOU D，et al. Lamellar cross-linking Ni/CeO₂ as an efficient and durable catalyst for dry reforming of methane［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2024，489:151365.
[66]	DAS S，ASHOK J，BIAN Z，et al. Silica-ceria sandwiched Ni core-shell catalyst for low temperature dry reforming of biogas:Coke resistance and mechanistic insights［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2018，230:220-236.
[67]	LIU Z Y，LUSTEMBERG P，GUTIéRREZ R A，et al. In situ investigation of methane dry reforming on metal/ceria（111）surfaces:Metal-support interactions and C-H bond activation at low temperature［J］. Angewandte Chemie International Edition，2017，56（42）:13041-13046.
[68]	ZHANG F，LIU Z Y，ZHANG S H，et al. In situ elucidation of the active state of Co-CeO₂ catalysts in the dry reforming of methane:The important role of the reducible oxide support and interactions with cobalt［J］. ACS Catalysis，2018，8（4）:3550-3560.
[69]	CHEN S Y，ZAFFRAN J，YANG B. Dry reforming of methane over the cobalt catalyst:Theoretical insights into the reaction kinetics and mechanism for catalyst deactivation［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2020，270:118859.
[70]	ZHANG X D，ZHANG G J，LIU J，et al. Effects of defective structure originating from N incorporation-evaporation of Co-based biomass carbon catalysts on methane dry reforming［J］. Fuel，2024，357:129752.
[71]	TRAN N T，LE Q V，CUONG N V，et al. La-doped cobalt supported on mesoporous alumina catalysts for improved methane dry reforming and coke mitigation［J］. Journal of the Energy Institute，2020，93（4）:1571-1580.
[72]	PAKHARE D，SPIVEY J. A review of dry（CO₂）reforming of methane over noble metal catalysts［J］. Chemical Society Reviews，2014，43（22）:7813-7837.
[73]	LIU Z Y，ZHANG F，RUI N，et al. Highly active ceria-supported Ru catalyst for the dry reforming of methane:In situ identification of Ru^δ+-Ce³⁺ interactions for enhanced conversion［J］. ACS Catalysis，2019，9（4）:3349-3359.
[74]	MAO Y R，ZHANG L Z，ZHENG X J，et al. Coke-resistance over Rh-Ni bimetallic catalyst for low temperature dry reforming of methane［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy，2023，48（37）:13890-13901.
[75]	DANG C X，LUO J L，YANG W W，et al. Low-temperature catalytic dry reforming of methane over Pd promoted Ni-CaO-Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ multifunctional catalyst［J］. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research，2021，60（50）:18361-18372.
[76]	ZHENG Y S，ZOU Z P，LÜ L，et al. Research progress of anti-deactivation nickel based catalysts for dry reforming of methane［J］. Low-carbon Chemistry And Chemical Engineering，2021，46（6）:1-8，16. 郑幼松，邹宗鹏，吕莉，等. 甲烷干重整抗失活镍基催化剂研究进展［J］. 低碳化学与化工，2021，46（6）:1-8，16.
[77]	TURAP Y，WANG I，FU T T，et al. Co-Ni alloy supported on CeO₂ as a bimetallic catalyst for dry reforming of methane［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy，2020，45（11）:6538-6548.
[78]	MARGOSSIAN T，LARMIER K，KIM S M，et al. Supported bimetallic NiFe nanoparticles through colloid synthesis for improved dry reforming performance［J］. ACS Catalysis，2017，7（10）:6942-6948.
[79]	SONG K，LU M M，XU S P，et al. Effect of alloy composition on catalytic performance and coke-resistance property of Ni-Cu/Mg（Al）O catalysts for dry reforming of methane［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental，2018，239:324-333.
[80]	WU Z X，YANG B，MIAO S，et al. Lattice strained Ni-Co alloy as a high-performance catalyst for catalytic dry reforming of methane［J］. ACS Catalysis，2019，9（4）:2693-2700.
[81]	YANG E S，NAM E，JO Y，et al. Coke resistant NiCo/CeO₂ catalysts for dry reforming of methane derived from core@shell Ni@Co nanoparticles［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environment and Energy，2023，339:123152.
[82]	ARMENGOL-PROFITóS M，BRAGA A，PASCUA-SOLé L，et al. Enhancing the performance of a novel CoRu/CeO₂ bimetallic catalyst for the dry reforming of methane via a mechanochemical process［J］. Applied Catalysis B:Environment and Energy，2024，345:123624.
[83]	JIA Y T，WU S W，QIU P，et al. Atomically dispersed metal catalysts for methane dry reforming［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2025，13（8）:5530-5545.
[84]	HONG H，XU Z，MEI B，et al. A self-regenerating Pt/Ge-MFI zeolite for propane dehydrogenation with high endurance［J］. Science，2025，388（6746）:497-502.
[85]	DUAN X L，LI Y，ZHAO J H，et al. Machine learning accelerated discovery of entropy-stabilized oxide catalysts for catalytic oxidation［J］. Journal of the American Chemical Society，2024，147（1）:651-661.
[86]	CAO C X，ZHANG N A，CHENG Y. Numerical analysis on steam methane reforming in a plate microchannel reactor:Effect of washcoat properties［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy，2016，41（42）:18921-18941.
[87]	HAMZAH A B，FUKUDA T，OOKAWARA S，et al. Process intensification of dry reforming of methane by structured catalytic wall-plate microreactor［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2021，412:128636.
[88]	XU Y Y，XUE Z G，LIU B，et al. Research progress on membrane reactor for CO₂ hydrogenation to fuels［J］. Membrane Science and Technology，2024，44（3）:143-152. 许月阳，薛志刚，柳波，等. 膜反应器用于二氧化碳加氢转变燃料的研究进展［J］. 膜科学与技术，2024，44（3）:143-152.
[89]	GAO Y C，JIANG J G，MENG Y，et al. A novel nickel catalyst supported on activated coal fly ash for syngas production via biogas dry reforming［J］. Renewable Energy，2020，149:786-793.
[90]	LÜ H F，DONG X，LI R T，et al. Super-dry reforming of methane using a tandem electro-thermocatalytic system［J］. Nature Chemistry，2025:1-8.