城市碳源汇监测研究进展

王爽; 蔡兆男; 陶梦初; 刘毅; 李旭祥; 吴凯; 吴林; 杨东旭; 曹军骥

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202504001

城市碳源汇监测研究进展

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202504001

王爽^1,2,
蔡兆男²,
陶梦初^2,,
刘毅^2,3,
李旭祥¹,
吴凯²,
吴林²,
杨东旭²,
曹军骥²

1. 西安交通大学人居环境与建筑工程学院,西安 710049;
2. 中国科学院大气物理研究所,北京 100029;
3. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划（2022YFB3904802）

详细信息

作者简介:
王爽，女，博士，主要研究方向为基于多源数据的碳源汇估算。wangshuang68@mail.iap.ac.cn

通讯作者:
陶梦初，女，副研究员，主要研究方向为大气成分模拟和卫星观测、大气化学传输模式开发。mengchutao@mail.iap.ac.cn
陶梦初，女，副研究员，主要研究方向为大气成分模拟和卫星观测、大气化学传输模式开发。mengchutao@mail.iap.ac.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-10-07
- 录用日期: 2024-04-01
- 修回日期: 2023-12-13
- 刊出日期: 2025-04-01

Research progress and prospects of monitoring of carbon sources and sinks in urban areas

1. School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China;
2. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
3. University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China

摘要

摘要: 尽管城市面积不足全球陆表的3%，但直接和间接产生的CO₂占全球能源使用所产生的CO₂排放量的70%以上，且城市生态系统具有直接增汇、间接减排作用。基于此，梳理了城市碳源汇监测方面的国内外研究进展：城市碳源汇的监测技术包括原位监测和遥感监测方式（地基遥感和卫星遥感），国际上多个城市已着手建立城市温室气体监测网；城市人为碳排放源和城市生态系统碳通量的估算方法主要包括“自下而上”（清单法、样地清查法、涡度相关法、模型模拟法等）和“自上而下”方法（主要包括碳同化反演法等）；对城市人为碳源和城市生态系统碳通量方面的研究进展进行了详细综述；最后，展望了新的监测手段和估算方法，以期能更好地服务“双碳”目标的最终实现。
- 城市碳源汇 /
- 城市人为碳排放源 /
- 城市生态系统碳通量 /
- 监测 /
- 估算 /
- 研究进展
Abstract: Although urban areas account for less than 3% of the global land surface area， their direct and indirect CO₂ emissions account for more than 70% of the global CO₂ emissions from energy use. Moreover， ecosystems in urban areas have direct sink increase and indirect emission reduction effects. This paper summarized the domestic and foreign research progress about monitoring of carbon sources and sinks in urban areas. The monitoring technology of carbon sources and sinks in urban areas includes in-situ monitoring and remote sensing monitoring methods （ground-based remote sensing and satellite remote sensing）. In addition， many cities worldwide have already begun to establish urban greenhouse gas monitoring networks. The estimation methods of anthropogenic carbon emission sources and urban ecosystem carbon flux in urban areas mainly include "bottom-up" （mainly including inventory method， sample plot inventory method， eddy correlation method， model simulation method， etc.） and "top-down" method （mainly including carbon assimilation inversion method， etc.）. The research results on anthropogenic carbon sources and ecosystem carbon flux in urban areas were summarized. Finally， new monitoring methods and estimation methods were prospected to better serve the "dual carbon" goals. It could also provide an important scientific basis for predicting atmospheric CO₂ content and the global warming trend. In the future， the "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods can be better combined， satellite remote sensing monitoring， ground observation， model assimilation and other methods can be coordinated， and multi-source data can be further integrated based on artificial intelligence， big data and other technologies to obtain more monitoring data of urban carbon emissions and carbon sinks with high spatial and temporal resolution， and the accuracy of assimilation inversion can be improved. In order to provide a more scientific basis for estimating anthropogenic carbon emission sources and ecosystem carbon flux in urban fine spatial scale.
- carbon sources and sinks in urban areas /
- anthropogenic carbon emission sources in urban areas /
- urban ecosystem carbon flux /
- monitoring /
- estimation /
- research progress

HTML全文

1 “自下而上”CO₂排放估算原理

1. The principle of "bottom-up" estimation of carbon dioxide emissions

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2 基于ODAIC清单的CO₂排放空间分布

2. Spatial distribution of CO₂ emissions based on ODAIC

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3 “自上而下”CO₂通量估算原理

3. The principle of CO₂ flux estimation based on the "top-down" method

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1 城市碳源汇监测方法

1. Monitoring methods of carbon sources and sinks in urban areas

监测方式		原理	优点	缺点	类型
原位监测		采取抽气方法对大气中的气体进行测量，即用采样瓶或抽气泵将空气导入测量腔或样品池中进行测量^[17]	可对大气中的CO₂浓度进行实时在线监测，且该监测方法测量时间短、精度高，能及时发现气团或污染等干扰因子^[17]	监测仅局限于一点，难以对大尺度范围内的CO₂气体浓度进行有效监测，且对CO₂气体垂直廓线也难以监测^[18]。此外，下垫面及垂直气团传输也会对监测结果造成影响^[18]	主要包括腔衰荡光谱技术、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术、可调谐红外激光吸收光谱技术和非色散红外光谱技术等^[17]
地基遥感监测		基于地基监测设备对直射太阳光进行实时采集，并对所采集的太阳光谱进行反演，以获取大气中CO₂的总柱浓度值^[19]	基于地基高分辨率傅里叶变换红外光谱技术（FTIR）的地基遥感因其髙准确性、高精度以及连续测量等特征可作为大气CO₂时空分布和变化特征长期监测的理想技术，也是探究CO₂潜在源的重要数据来源^[17]	地基遥感监测虽然精度高、可靠性强，但仅对单点进行监测，缺乏统一的探测方法，以及对区域和全球大范围的CO₂进行实时监测的能力^[20]	国际上主要的地基傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTS）网络包括全球碳柱浓度观测网（TCCON）和大气成分变化探测网络-红外工作组（NDACC-IRWG）^[17]
卫星遥感监测	碳卫星监测	基于探测器监测的CO₂吸收带附近的辐射光谱反演计算CO₂柱浓度或CO₂柱平均干空气混合比（XCO₂）^[21]	碳卫星不仅可对区域或全球CO₂柱浓度分布进行探究，还可基于特定算法反演出CO₂在大气中的垂直分布，是有效监测CO₂时空分布的重要方法^[22]	碳卫星监测结果对地表浓度变化不敏感，且地表下垫面以及地面反照率的差异会使得碳卫星所监测的底层大气CO₂数据具有较大误差，难以准确评估区域大气CO₂数据的变化^[17]。此外，受城市地区云和气溶胶的影响，卫星探测在城市地区的有效观测数据很少	目前在轨观测大气中CO₂总柱浓度的卫星有日本的GOSAT、GOSAT-2、美国NASA的OCO-2、OCO-3，中国的髙分五号卫星等^[17]
卫星遥感监测	夜间灯光遥感监测	基于夜间灯光遥感数据与所获取的部分碳排放数据建立关联模型^[23]，其可被用于估算未知区域的碳排放	夜间灯光遥感数据作为城市化、经济发展、人口密度、能源消耗等人类活动的直接体现，可用于估算人为碳排放的范围和强度^[23]	该监测方法不能很好地适用于人口稀少的城市地区^[24]。且DMSP-OLS数据存在数值饱和及晕变问题、缺少星上校准、空间分辨率也较低^[25]	包括DMSP-OLS（美国军事气象卫星（DMSP）上所搭载的OLS传感器）^[25]、NPP-VIIRS（S-NPP卫星和JPSS卫星VIIRS传感器的DNB日/夜波段的夜间灯光成像信息）^[26，27]

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2 人为碳排放源清单汇总

2. Summary of anthropogenic CO₂ emission sources

数据	ODIAC	EDGAR	PKU-CO₂	FFDAS	CHRED	MEIC	NJU
时间覆盖范围	2000—2021	1970—2022	1960—2014	1997—2015	2007, 2012	1990—2020	2000—2015
时间分辨率	月	年	月	小时/年	2年或3年	月	年
空间分辨率	1 km	0.1°	0.1°	0.1°/km	10 km	0.25°	0.25°
排放量估算	全球/国家	全球/国家	全球/国家	全球/国家	国家/省级	国家/省级	国家/省级
区域源	夜间灯光	人口密度、夜间灯光	植被和人口密度、夜间灯光	夜间灯光	人口密度、土地利用、人类活动	人口密度、土地利用、能源消费、民用源	人口密度、国内生产总值
版本名称	ODIAC2022	EDGAR v8.0	PKU-CO₂-v2	FFDAS v2.2	CHRED	MEIC v1.4	NJU-CO₂v2017
发布/更新年份	2023	2023	2016	2014	2017	2023	2017
文献	[51]	[52]	[53,54]	[53,55]	[53，56，57]	[58，59]	[53,60]

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