变化水文情势下鄱阳湖南矶湿地植被响应及演替模拟

韩祯; 孙龙; 王世岩; 汪洁; 王嘉林

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202508005

变化水文情势下鄱阳湖南矶湿地植被响应及演替模拟

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202508005

韩祯¹,
孙龙¹,
王世岩^1,2, ,,
汪洁¹,
王嘉林³

1. 中国水利水电科学研究院, 北京 100038;
2. 流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室, 北京 100038;
3. 西安理工大学, 西安 710048

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划“长江中游生态优先的水文连通优化调控及在典型区域的示范应用”（2022YFC3201804）；国家重点研发计划“鄱阳湖洪枯演化的湿地生态影响定量解析”（2023YFC3209001）

详细信息

作者简介:
韩祯（1986—），男，博士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为湿地生态水文模拟与调控。zhenhan@iwhr.com

通讯作者:
王世岩（1974—），男，博士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为河湖遥感及湿地生态保护修复。wangsy@iwhr.com

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-09-30
- 录用日期: 2025-03-25
- 修回日期: 2025-02-08

Vegetation response and succession simulation in Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve of Poyang Lake under changing hydrological condition

1. China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Beijing 100038, China;
3. Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China

摘要

摘要: 水文过程是湿地植被群落结构演替的根本驱动力。鄱阳湖是中国面积最大的淡水湖泊湿地，湿地植被群落结构和空间分布对水情变化响应敏感。2003年后，受江湖关系变化影响，鄱阳湖年内枯水期开始时间提前，持续时间延长，枯水期平均水位不断降低，湿地植物组成向中生耐旱物种演替，分布高程不断下移。基于水文、地形和植被的野外调查及历史资料等基础数据，以鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区为研究区，耦合Lotka-Volterra模型和元胞自动机模型，建立了水文过程驱动下南矶湿地植被扩张的种群动力学模型。模拟结果表明：鄱阳湖南矶湿地植被面积对不同水文周期的响应具有明显差异。丰水周期湿地植被面积减少，平水周期和枯水周期植被扩张明显，总体上各种植被在3~5 a内形成稳定状态。不同水文周期下植被扩张均表现出明显空间异质性，赣江北支河口三角洲植被扩张态势要弱于中支和南支河口三角洲，这2个区域入湖流量较大，洲滩淹水时间相对较长，是造成差异的主要原因。在4种优势种群中，苔草和虉草扩张幅度相对较大，集中在10~13 m高程的滩地，芦苇和南荻的扩张多体现在入湖河道两侧（14 m高程），形成宽度≤5 m的条带。水文情势和不同的淹水适应策略（形态结构调整或季节性休眠）共同决定了湿地植被分布格局，在构建种群动力学模型开展预测时需充分考虑这2种因素的作用。
- 湿地植被 /
- 种群扩张 /
- 空间分布 /
- 鄱阳湖 /
- 南矶湿地
Abstract: Hydrological processes are the fundamental driving force of wetland vegetation community succession. Poyang Lake， the largest freshwater wetland in China， exhibits highly dynamic vegetation structures and spatial distributions that are highly sensitive to variations in hydrological conditions. Since 2003， changes in the relationship between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake have led to an earlier onset and prolonged duration of low-water periods， accompanied by decreasing average water levels during these periods. These hydrological changes have driven the succession of wetland vegetation communities toward mesophytic and drought-tolerant species， with their distribution elevations shifting progressively downward and aquatic vegetation experiencing significant degradation. This study focuses on the Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve （NWNNR）， a representative wetland located in the southern part of Poyang Lake. NWNNR is a typical inland estuarine delta with rich and diverse wetland vegetation that supports a large number of wintering waterbirds. The reserve is close to a waterway connected to the Yangtze River. In recent years， changes in the hydrological relationship between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake have worsened dry-season conditions， and the vegetation community structure and spatial distribution have also changed. However， existing research is still limited. Using field survey data on hydrology， topography， and vegetation， along with historical datasets， a population dynamics model driven by hydrological processes was developed by coupling the Lotka-Volterra model and the cellular automata model. This model can capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation expansion under varying hydrological conditions. The simulation results revealed significant differences in the response of wetland vegetation area to different hydrological cycles. During high-water periods， the wetland vegetation area contracted noticeably， whereas during normal- and low- water periods， vegetation expansion was prominent， with overall stability achieved within 3 to 5 years. The spatial heterogeneity of vegetation expansion was also evident， with weaker expansion observed in the delta of the northern branch of the Ganjiang River compared to the middle and southern branches. Longer inundation durations and higher inflow volumes in the northern branch were identified as key factors driving this disparity. Among the four dominant vegetation species， Carex spp. and Phalaris arundinacea exhibited relatively large expansion， predominantly on sandbars at elevations of 10 to 13 meters. In contrast， Phragmites australis and Triarrhena lutarioriparia tended to expand along inflow channels at elevations of approximately 14 meters， forming narrow strips no wider than 5 meters. These distribution patterns highlighted the influence of hydrological conditions and species-specific adaptation strategies， such as morphological adjustments or seasonal dormancy， to flooding stress. The results emphasize that hydrological processes not only govern vegetation dynamics but also influence the overall ecological structure and function of the wetland. This study provides critical insights into the mechanisms driving wetland vegetation dynamics under varying hydrological regimes. Furthermore， it underscores the importance of integrating hydrological management with ecological restoration to enhance habitat quality and biodiversity. The developed model serves as a valuable tool for predicting the impacts of future hydrological changes on wetland vegetation and offers guidance for sustainable wetland management. By improving the understanding of the interactions between hydrological processes and wetland vegetation， this research contributes to the development of effective conservation strategies and the maintenance of ecosystem services in dynamic freshwater wetlands.
- wetland vegetation /
- population expansion /
- spatial distribution /
- Poyang Lake /
- Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve

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