典型A<sup>2</sup>/O工艺城镇污水处理厂碳排放核算、影响因素及碳减排路径研究

郑晓英; 胡天星; 邓雄成; 陶加庆; 龚忆平; 姚新宇; 范毅; 林涛; 陈卫; 王大伟

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202603016

典型A²/O工艺城镇污水处理厂碳排放核算、影响因素及碳减排路径研究

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603016

1. 河海大学环境学院浅水湖泊综合治理与资源开发教育部重点实验室，南京 210098;
2. 苏州市水务局，江苏苏州 215011;
3. 苏州市供排水管理处，江苏苏州 215004

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划“定向去除抗生素等的氧化-生物协同技术研发与示范”（2022YFC3203702）

详细信息

作者简介:
郑晓英（1976—），女，教授，主要研究方向为污水资源化利用理论与技术。zhxyqq@hhu.edu.cn

计量
- 文章访问数: 15
- HTML全文浏览量: 6
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-07-13
- 网络出版日期: 2026-04-11
- 刊出日期: 2026-03-01

Carbon emission accounting， influencing factors， and carbon reduction pathways in typical A²/O process municipal wastewater treatment plants

1. Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Management and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes，Ministry of Education，School of Environment，Hohai University，Nanjing 210098，China;
2. Suzhou Water Authority，Suzhou 215011，China;
3. Suzhou Water Supply and Drainage Management Office，Suzhou 215004，China

摘要

摘要: 在全球变暖的背景下，推进污水处理行业减污降碳协同增效势在必行。基于江苏省3座典型A²/O及其改良工艺的城镇污水处理厂（WWTPs）的2023年运行数据，通过排放因子法开展碳排放核算与特征分析，并采用路径分析法，阐明进水特征和运行参数对污水处理厂碳排放的影响。从间接控制角度分别评估光伏发电和水源热泵等措施对污水处理厂的碳减排潜能。结果表明：3座典型污水处理厂的总碳排放强度在0.578~0.671 kg/m³（以CO₂排放当量计，下同），总碳排放量1.889万~2.815万t；间接碳排放在A²/O污水处理厂碳排放中占比较高（71.7%），其中，电能消耗产生的碳排放贡献最高（53.3%）；药剂消耗中，由碳源投加引起的碳排放占比最大，可达药剂碳排放总量的36.9%~59.5%；进水浓度较低的污水厂运行过程需要更多的能耗物耗，产生的间接碳排放较高。此外，典型A²/O工艺污水处理厂的进水水质特征和运行参数对各类型碳排放强度均有直接或者间接影响，厂内可积极开展工艺运行参数优化、设备升级改造、智能/慧控制系统应用，以及多种替碳措施等以有效控制碳排放量。以WWTP2为例，利用光伏发电和水源热泵技术，理论上可分别实现22.7%和100.2%的替碳效率，具有较高的碳减排潜能。
- 污水处理厂 /
- A²/O /
- 碳核算 /
- 路径分析 /
- 碳减排
Abstract: Under the context of global warming， it is imperative to advance the synergistic efficiency of pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in the wastewater treatment industry. This study is based on the 2023 operational data from three typical municipal wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） in Jiangsu Province employing A²/O and its modified processes. Using the emission factor method， carbon emission accounting and characteristic analysis were conducted. and explored the impact of influent characteristics and operational parameters on the carbon emissions of WWTPs through path analysis. From an indirect control perspective， this study assessed the carbon reduction potential of measures such as photovoltaic power generation and water-source heat pumps. The results indicate that： The total carbon emission intensity of the three typical WWTPs ranged from 0.578 kg/m³ to 0.671 kg/m³， with total carbon emissions between 18890 t and 28150 t. The indirect carbon emissions account for a relatively high proportion （71.7%） of the total carbon emissions in A²/O wastewater treatment plant， with electricity consumption contributing the most （53.3%） to the carbon emissions. The carbon emissions attributed to carbon source dosage accounted for the largest proportion of chemical consumption， reaching 36.9% to 59.5% of the total chemical carbon emissions. The operation of wastewater treatment plants with lower influent concentrations requires higher energy and material consumption， resulting in greater indirect carbon emissions. Furthermore， the influent water quality characteristics and operational parameters of typical A²/O process wastewater treatment plants all have direct or indirect impacts on various types of carbon emission intensities. To effectively control carbon emissions， plants can actively optimize process operational parameter adjustments， implement equipment upgrades and retrofits， adopt intelligent/smart control systems， and implement various carbon-alternative measures. By adopting PV power generation and water-source heat pumps， WWTP2 could theoretically achieve 22.7% and 100.2% carbon displacement rates， respectively， demonstrating significant carbon reduction potential.
- wastewater treatment plant /
- A²/O /
- carbon accounting /
- path analysis /
- carbon reduction

HTML全文

参考文献(55)

[1]	World Meteorological Organization. State of the global climate 2023[R]. Geneva：World Meteorological Organization，2023.
[2]	LU L，GUEST J S，PETERS C A，et al. Wastewater treatment for carbon capture and utilization[J]. Nature Sustainability，2018，1（12）：750-758.
[3]	ZHAO Z J，TUO H R，XIE X T，et al. Research on characteristics of carbon emissions in medium-sized urban sewage treatment plants using improved A²O processes[J]. Journal of South China Normal University（Natural Science Edition），2024，56（1）：63-71. 赵泽佳，庹豪锐，谢祥塔，等. 采用改良 A²O 工艺中型城镇污水处理厂碳排放特征研究[J]. 华南师范大学学报（自然科学版），2024，56（1）：63-71.
[4]	LIU Y T，ZHANG Q，JIANG X H，et al. Spatial-temporal characteristics of carbon emissions in urban sewage system in Xi'an and its dominant driving factors[J]. Environmental Engineering，2024，42（11）：40-49 刘跃廷，张强，蒋晓辉，等. 西安市城镇污水系统碳排放时空特征及其主要驱动因素[J]. 环境工程，2024，42（11）：40-49.
[5]	ZHANG Y，LIU H G，ZHAO X，et al. Research on carbon emission accounting of typical sewage treatment plant in Zhongshan city[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry，2024，51（16）：138-141. 张宇，刘红刚，赵欣，等. 中山市典型污水处理厂碳排放核算研究[J]. 广东化工，2024，51（16）：138-141.
[6]	ZHU J Y，CHEN J N，ZOU J，et al. Research on the scale and efficiency of urban sewage treatment plants[J]. China Water& Wastewater，2004，20（5）：35-38. 褚俊英，陈吉宁，邹骥，等. 城市污水处理厂的规模与效率研究[J]. 中国给水排水，2004，20（5）：35-38.
[7]	ZHANG J，SHAO Y，WANG H，et al. Current operation state of wastewater treatment plants in urban China[J]. Environmental Research，2021，195：110843.
[8]	ZHANG S L，CHEN Y，CUI P，et al. Review of emerging enhanced biochemical treatment processes for urban WWTPs[J]. Water Purification Technology，2023，42（7）：40-48. 章诗璐，陈悦，崔朋，等. 城镇污水厂新兴强化生化处理工艺综述[J]. 净水技术，2023，42（7）：40-48.
[9]	XIE W，ZENG R J，LI W，et al. A modeling understanding on the phosphorous removal performances of A²O and reversed A²O processes in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International，2018，25（23）：22810-22817.
[10]	YE C B，ZHOU Z M，LÜ W，et al. Research progress on A²O process for sewage treatment[J]. China Water& Wastewater，2014，30（15）：135-138. 叶长兵，周志明，吕伟，等. A²O污水处理工艺研究进展[J]. 中国给水排水，2014，30（15）：135-138.
[11]	LI L，WANG X，MIAO J，et al. Carbon neutrality of wastewater treatment：A systematic concept beyond the plant boundary[J]. Environmental Science，2021，42（10）：4650-4660.
[12]	IPCC. 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventory[R]. Geneva：IPCC，2019.
[13]	China Urban Water Association. Guideline for carbon accounting and emission reduction in the urban water sector[M]. Beijing：China Architecture& Building Press，2022. 中国城镇供水排水协会. 城镇水务系统碳核算与减排路径技术指南[M]. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2022.
[14]	YAN X，LIN L，LIU J X. Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in three full-scale wastewater treatment processes[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences，2014，26（2）：256-263.
[15]	WANG J，ZHANG J，XIE H，et al. Methane emissions from a full-scale A/A/O wastewater treatment plant[J]. Bioresource Technology，2010，102（9）：5479-5485.
[16]	HWANG K，BANG C，ZOH K. Characteristics of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the wastewater treatment plant[J]. Bioresource Technology，2016，214：881-884.
[17]	REN Y G，WANG J H，LI H F，et al. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from different treatment processes in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants[J]. Environmental Technology，2013，34（21/24）：2917-2927.
[18]	FOLEY J，HAAS D D，YUAN Z，et al. Nitrous oxide generation in full-scale biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plants[J]. Water Research，2009，44（3）：831-844.
[19]	SUN S C，CHENG X，LI S，et al. N₂O emission from full-scale urban wastewater treatment plants：a comparison between A²O and SBR[J]. Water Science and Technology，2013，67（9）：1887-1893.
[20]	WANG J H，ZHANG J，WANG J，et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from a typical northern Chinese municipal wastewater treatment plant[J]. Desalination and Water Treatment，2012，32（1-3）：145-152.
[21]	WANG Y Y，LIN X M，ZHOU D，et al. Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions from a full-scale activated sludge anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal，2016，289：330-340.
[22]	WENZEL G，LUZIA V K，LILIANE V，et al. Estimation of countrywide N₂O emissions from wastewater treatment in Switzerland using long-term monitoring data[J]. Water Research X，2021，13：100122.
[23]	Carboncloud. Climatehub[EB/OL].[ 2025-05-08]. https：//apps.carboncloud.com/climatehub/product-reports/id/16243501676.
[24]	ZHANG Z H，SHANG Z X，CAI C，et al. Carbon emissions characteristics and reduction strategies for typical urban domestic wastewater treatment plants in southeastern China[J]. Environmental Engineering，2024，42（11）：72-80. 张志红，尚振欣，蔡辰，等. 南方典型城市污水处理厂碳排放特征及降碳策略研究[J]. 环境工程，2024，42（11）：72-80.
[25]	CASTELLANO-HINOJOSA A，MAZA-MÁRQUEZ P，MELERO-RUBIO Y，et al. Linking nitrous oxide emissions to population dynamics of nitrifying and denitrifying prokaryotes in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants[J]. Chemosphere，2018，200：57-66.
[26]	DAI W，ZHAO J，NASRY A A N B，et al. Characteristics of nitrous oxide production under salt stress：a model study[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology& Biotechnology，2020，95（3）：825-833.
[27]	PENG L，NI B J，DIRK E，et al. The effect of dissolved oxygen on N₂O production by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in an enriched nitrifying sludge[J]. Water Research，2014，66：12-21.
[28]	YAN X，ZHENG S，QIU D，et al. Characteristics of N₂O generation within the internal micro-environment of activated sludge flocs under different dissolved oxygen concentrations[J]. Bioresource Technology，2019，291：121867.
[29]	CHEN R X，XIAO Q，ZHU Z W. Study on the carbon emission structure and emission reduction path of urban sewage system：taking Shenzhen as an example[J]. Water& Wastewater Engineering，2025，61（1）：49-54. 陈睿星，肖倩，朱紫薇. 城市污水系统碳排放结构及减排路径研究：以深圳市为例[J]. 给水排水，2025，61（1）：49-54.
[30]	FANG Y，TANG L，WU X W. Carbon emission characteristics of urban sewage treatment plants in super-large cities based on monitoring measurement optimization[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China，2025，41（1）：10-19. 方奕，汤琳，吴晓蔚. 基于实测优化的超大城市城镇污水处理厂碳排放特征研究[J]. 中国环境监测，2025，41（1）：10-19.
[31]	LI S Y，DENG A X，MA N，et al. Carbon emission accounting and carbon reduction path exploration of a WWTP in Chongqing[J]. Water Purification Technology，2025，44（6）：116-124. 李书钺，邓艾欣，马念，等. 重庆某污水处理厂碳排放核算及减碳路径探究[J]. 净水技术，2025，44（6）：116-124.
[32]	ZHU J，ZHU Y. Carbon emission accounting and countermeasure research for a municipal wastewater treatment plant in the Huaihe River basin[J]. Resources Economization& Environmental Protection，2025（2）：101-105. 朱杰，朱跃. 淮河流域某城市污水处理厂碳排放核算及对策研究[J]. 资源节约与环保，2025（2）：101-105.
[33]	WU B L，LI P F，ZHANG Y，et al. Research on influencing factors and carbon reduction strategies of sewage treatment system[J]. China Water& Wastewater，2024，40（12）：1-12. 吴宝利，李鹏峰，张岳，等. 污水处理系统碳排放影响因素及降碳策略研究[J]. 中国给水排水，2024，40（12）：1-12.
[34]	WANG B Y，SUN A L，XU X H. Strategies and project case of wastewater treatment plants renewal and reformation for the dual-carbon goal[J]. Environmental Engineering，2024，42（11）：81-89. 王碧云，孙艾林，许雪煌.“双碳” 目标下海南地区污水处理厂更新改造对策分析及工程实例[J]. 环境工程，2024，42（11）：81-89.
[35]	WANG H G，JI H X，CHENG S H. Design of a wastewater treatment plant upgrading and expansion project in Harbin[J]. China Water& Wastewater，2024，40（10）：64-68. 王洪刚，纪海霞，程树辉. 哈尔滨市某污水处理厂提标改扩建工程设计[J]. 中国给水排水，2024，40（10）：64-68.
[36]	HE Z X. Study on the denitrification efficiency of single carbon source and composite carbon source in biological denitrification[J]. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization，2024，42（7）：33-36. 何振鑫. 单一碳源及复合碳源在生物反硝化中的脱氮效能研究[J]. 中国资源综合利用，2024，42（7）：33-36.
[37]	HU X Y，ZHU J P. Biological denitrification efficiency of three single and mixed carbon sources[J]. Technology of Water Treatment，2020，46（1）：57-61. 胡小宇，朱静平. 3 种单一及其混合碳源的生物反硝化脱氮效能[J]. 水处理技术，2020，46（1）：57-61.
[38]	WANG L J，GAO Y L，LAN J R，et al. Reconstruction and operational efficiency of denitrification and dephosphorization process with low C/N in a WWTP[J]. Water Purification Technology，2025，44（6）：196-205. 王立军，高云龙，蓝杰蕊，等. 低碳氮比污水处理厂反硝化除磷工艺改造及运行效果[J]. 净水技术，2025，44（6）：196-205.
[39]	XU T，FU Y，ZHAO X Z，et al. Research progress of tail water disinfection in urban sewage treatment plants[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry，2025，52（1）：106-108. 许涛，付雨，赵学志，等. 城镇污水处理厂尾水消毒的研究进展[J]. 广东化工，2025，52（1）：106-108.
[40]	HUMBERT G，SÉBILO M，FIAT J，et al. Isotopic evidence for alteration of nitrous oxide emissions and producing pathways' contribution under nitrifying conditions[J]. Biogeosciences，2020，17（4）：979-993.
[41]	ZHANG X Y，FAN Y H，ZHU H B，et al. Carbon emission analysis and carbon reduction strategy of small and medium-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants in cities and towns[J]. Environmental Science，2025，46（1）：107-117. 张翔宇，范业弘，朱晗彬，等. 城镇中小规模污水处理厂碳排放分析及碳削减对策[J]. 环境科学，2025，46（1）：107-117.
[42]	LIU F，WANG G H，ZHENG P K. Study on coarse evaluation method for energy-saving in municipal wastewater treatment plants[J]. Water& Wastewater Engineering，2021，57（11）：37-40. 刘芳，王光辉，郑鹏凯. 市政污水处理厂节能粗评估方法研究[J]. 给水排水，2021，57（11）：37-40.
[43]	HAO X D，YANG Z L，YU W B，et al. N₂O emission from the processes of wastewater treatment：mechanisms and control strategies[J]. Environmental Science，2023，44（2）：1163-1173. 郝晓地，杨振理，于文波，等. 污水处理过程 N₂O 排放：过程机制与控制策略[J]. 环境科学，2023，44（2）：1163-1173.
[44]	CHENG Y M，LONG H Y，PEI Q. Empirical analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from sewage treatment plants and research on low-carbon operation strategies[J]. Water& Wastewater Engineering，2024，60（S2）：294-298，304. 程一鸣，龙海燕，裴勤. 污水处理厂温室气体排放实证分析及低碳运行策略研究[J]. 给水排水，2024，60（S2）：294-298，304.
[45]	YANG G H，ZHANG L，NIE J T，et al. Solar photovoltaic power generation systems and their applications[M]. Beijing：Chemical Industry Press，2015. 杨贵恒，张黎，聂金铜，等. 太阳能光伏发电系统及其应用[M]. 北京：化学工业出版社，2015.
[46]	National Energy Administration. 2024 Grid Operation Status of Renewable Energy[EB/OL].[ 2025-05-17] https：//www.nea.gov.cn/20250221/e10f363cabe3458aaf78ba4558970054/c.html. 国家能源局. 2024年可再生能源并网运行情况[EB/OL].[ 2025-05-17] https：//www.nea.gov.cn/20250221/e10f363cabe3458aaf78ba4558970054/c.html.
[47]	China Meteorological Administration. 2023 Annual Report on Wind and Solar Energy Resources in China[EB/OL].[ 2025-05-17] https：//www.cma.gov.cn/zfxxgk/gknr/qxbg/202402/t20240222_6082082.html. 中国气象局. 2023年中国风能太阳能资源年景公报[EB/OL].[ 2025-5-17] https：//www.cma.gov.cn/zfxxgk/gknr/qxbg/202402/t20240222_6082082.html.
[48]	全国气象防灾减灾标准化技术委员会. 太阳能资源等级总辐射：GB/T 31155—2014[S]. 北京：中国标准出版社，2014. National Technical Committee on Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Reduction Standardization. Solar energy resource grade—total solar radiation：GB/T 31155—2014[S]. Beijing：Standards Press of China，2014.
[49]	碳排放及环境效益核算[J/OL]. 环境化学，1-14.[ 2025-05-17]. https：//link.cnki.net/urlid/11.1844.X.20250521.1616.002. HUANG C，XUE G Y，ZHU H，et al. Carbon emissions and environmental benefits accounting of photovoltaic and coal-fired power based on whole life cycle[J/OL]. Environmental Chemistry，1-14.[ 2025-05-17]. https：//link.cnki.net/urlid/11.1844.X.20250521.1616.002.
[50]	HAO X D，LI J，LOOSDRECHT M C M，et al. Energy recovery from wastewater：Heat over organics[J]. Water Research，2019，161：74-77.
[51]	HEPBASLI A，BIYIK E，EKREN O，et al. A key review of wastewater source heat pump（WWSHP）systems[J]. Energy Conversion and Management，2014，88：700-722.
[52]	HAO X D，LIU R B，HUANG X. Evaluation of the potential for operating carbon neutral WWTPs in China[J]. Water Research，2015，87：424-431.
[53]	HAO X D，RAO Z F，LI S，et al. Potential carbon trading volume of thermal energy contained in wastewater[J]. China Water& Wastewater，2021，37（12）：7-13. 郝晓地，饶志峰，李爽，等. 污水余温热能蕴含着潜在碳交易额[J]. 中国给水排水，2021，37（12）：7-13.
[54]	NOWAK O，ENDERLE P，VARBANOV P. Ways to optimize the energy balance of municipal wastewater systems：lessons learned from Austrian applications[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production，2015，88：125-131.
[55]	HAO X D，ZHAO Z C，LI J，et al. Analysis of energy recovery and carbon neutrality for the Kakolanmäki WWTP in Finland[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering，2021，15（9）：2849-2857. 郝晓地，赵梓丞，李季，等. 污水处理厂的能源与资源回收方式及其碳排放核算：以芬兰 Kakolanmäki 污水处理厂为例[J]. 环境工程学报，2021，15（9）：2849-2857.