含氮废液回用对不同碳氮比物料好氧发酵性能的影响

张靖敏; 谢栋; 唐士钊; 马汭川; 高明; 吴川福

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202607014

含氮废液回用对不同碳氮比物料好氧发酵性能的影响

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607014

1. 北京科技大学能源与环境工程学院, 北京 100083;
2. 清华大学环境学院, 北京 100084

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划（2022YFE0118800）

详细信息

作者简介:
张靖敏（2000—），女，硕士，主要研究方向为固体废物资源化。16622878011@163.com

通讯作者:
吴川福（1983—），男，教授，主要研究方向为固体废物处置及资源化。wucf@ustb.edu.cn

计量
- 文章访问数: 6
- HTML全文浏览量: 1
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-04-21
- 网络出版日期: 2026-09-01

Effects of nitrogen-rich wastewater reuse on aerobic fermentation performance of substrates with different carbon-nitrogen ratios

1. School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
2. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

摘要

摘要: 减少发酵过程中的氨排放并回收损失的氮素，是提高堆肥产品中氮含量的有效手段。生物滴滤塔作为末端臭气控制技术，在净化含氨臭气的同时，可将臭气中的氮（主要为NH₃）以无机氮的形式保留在滴滤废液中，含氮滴滤液的回用为回收损失氮素提供了可能。然而，在适宜碳氮比（C/N）范围内（20.0∶1～30.0∶1），含氮废液回用对好氧发酵过程的影响尚不明确。研究以沼渣、木屑、餐厨垃圾及菌糠为堆肥原料，初始物料C/N为控制变量，设置了低C/N堆料回用含氮废液组（LRN）、低C/N堆料回用去离子水组（LRW）、高C/N堆料回用含氮废液组（HRN）、高C/N堆料回用去离子水组（HRW）4个实验组，重点考察模拟含氮废液（含2000 mg/L NH⁺₄-N和2000 mg/L NO^-₂-N）回用对好氧发酵腐殖化程度、氮素转化以及温室气体排放的影响。结果表明，含氮废液回用不会对堆肥产品的最终腐熟程度产生抑制，最终堆肥产品的pH及种子发芽指数均符合有机肥料国家标准。此外，HRN组的总温室气体、N₂O及NH₃累积排放量较LRN组和对照组（LRW组），分别降低20.32%～30.35%、0.67%～53.38%和52.14%～62.15%。尽管HRN组的总温室气体和NH₃累积排放量略高于HRW组（提高4.56%和4.99%），但HRN组的最终堆肥产品中的氮含量（4691.27 mg/kg）高于HRW组（4514.96 mg/kg），这主要归因于高C/N条件下充足的碳源促进了微生物对氮的同化固定。与之相反，低C/N条件下回用含氮废液，由于碳源不足导致NNH⁺₄-N积累挥发及反硝化过程不完全，加剧了NH₃与N₂O排放，LRN组较LRW组分别提高26.43%和112.99%。综上，在高初始物料C/N条件下回用含氮废液，可在保证堆肥产品腐熟度基础上，有效降低堆肥过程的温室气体及NH₃的排放。
- 有机废弃物 /
- 堆肥 /
- 碳氮比 /
- 含氮废液 /
- 氮转移
Abstract: Reducing ammonia emissions during the composting process and recovering the lost nitrogen are effective ways to increase the nitrogen content in compost products. As an end-of-pipe odor control technology， the biological trickling filter not only purifies ammonia-containing odors but also retains nitrogen from the odors in the form of various inorganic nitrogen compounds within the trickling filter effluent. Therefore， the reuse of nitrogen-containing trickling filter effluent offers a potential solution for recovering lost nitrogen. However， the impact of reusing nitrogen-containing leachate on the composting process within an appropriate carbon-to-nitrogen ratio range （20.0∶1 to 30.0∶1） remains unclear. This study employed biogas residue， sawdust， food waste， and mushroom residue as composting raw materials. Taking the initial C/N ratio of materials as the controlled variable， four experimental groups were established， including the low C/N ratio compost with recycled nitrogen-containing waste liquid （LRN）， the low C/N ratio compost with recycled deionized water （LRW）， the high C/N ratio compost with recycled nitrogen-containing waste liquid （HRN）， and the high C/N ratio compost with recycled deionized water （HRW）. The effects of simulated nitrogen-containing leachate （2000 mg/L NH⁺₄-N and 2000 mg/L NO^-₂-N） recycling on the degree of humification， nitrogen transformation， and greenhouse gas emissions during aerobic fermentation were investigated. The results indicated that the reuse of nitrogen-containing wastewater did not inhibit the final decomposition degree of the product； the pH and seed germination index of the final compost product both complied with the national standard for organic fertilizers. Furthermore， the cumulative emissions of total greenhouse gases， N₂O and NH₃ in the HRN group were reduced by 20.32% to 30.35%， 0.67% to 53.38%， and 52.14% to 62.15%， respectively， compared to the LRN group and the control group （LRW group）. Although the cumulative emissions of total greenhouse gases and NH₃ in the HRN group were slightly higher than those in the HRW group （increased by 4.56% and 4.99%， respectively）， the nitrogen content of final compost products in the HRN group （4691.27 mg/kg） was higher than that in the HRW group （4514.96 mg/kg）. This was mainly attributed to the sufficient carbon source under high C/N ratio condition， which promoted microbial assimilation and fixation of nitrogen. In contrast， under low C/N condition， insufficient carbon sources led to ammonium-nitrogen accumulation and volatilization as well as incomplete denitrification after nitrogen-containing waste liquid recycling， thereby exacerbating NH₃ and N₂O emissions. Specifically， the emissions in the LRN group increased by 26.43% and 112.99% compared with the LRW group， respectively.
- organic waste /
- composting /
- carbon-to-nitrogen ratio /
- nitrogen-rich waste liquid /
- nitrogen transformation

HTML全文

参考文献(59)

[1]	MORETTI B，BERTORA C，GRIGNANI C，et al. Conversion from mineral fertilisation to MSW compost use：Nitrogen fertiliser value in continuous maize and test on crop rotation[J]. Science of the Total Environment，2020，705（Feb. 25）：135308.
[2]	ZHOU Y，OEHMEN A，LIM M，et al. The role of nitrite and free nitrous acid（FNA）in wastewater treatment plants[J]. Water Research，2011，45（15）：4672-4682.
[3]	SHAN G，LI W，GAO Y，et al. Additives for reducing nitrogen loss during composting：A review[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production，2021，307（10）：127308.
[4]	LIU W J，WANG L M，SHEN Y J，et al. Effects of carbon to nitrogen ratio on maturity and odor emission in aerobic fermentation of vegetable waste[J]. Environmental Engineering，2020，38（6）：233-239. 刘文杰，王黎明，沈玉君，等. 碳氮比对蔬菜废弃物好氧发酵腐熟度及臭气排放的影响[J]. 环境工程，2020，38（6）：233-239.
[5]	YUAN J，LI Y，CHEN S，et al. Effects of phosphogypsum，superphosphate，and dicyandiamide on gaseous emission and compost quality during sewage sludge composting[J]. Bioresource Technology，2018，270：368-376.
[6]	LIU C，LIN Y，YE J，et al. Effect of bamboo vinegar on control of nitrogen loss in vegetable waste and manure composting[J]. Agriculture，2023，13（7）：1331.
[7]	LI D，RAVINDRAN B，LIANG J，et al. Enhancing nitrogen retention in low C/N food waste digestate composting：synergistic effects of biochar and nitrifying inoculation[J]. Bioresource technology，2026，450：134412.
[8]	GU X，LI H，SHI Y，et al. Magnesium modified biochar facilitates favorable nitrogen conversion to mitigate ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions during pig manure composting[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal，2025，504：159073.
[9]	RYU H W，CHO K S，LEE T H. Reduction of ammonia and volatile organic compounds from food waste-composting facilities using a novel anti-clogging biofilter system[J]. Bioresource Technology，2011，102（7）：4654-4660.
[10]	WU C，WANG Q，SUN X，et al. Effect of aeration modes on the characteristics of composting emissions and the NH₃ removal efficiency by using biotrickling filter[J]. Waste Management，2011，31（8）：1702-1710.
[11]	KHAN F I，GHOSHAL A K. Removal of volatile organic compounds from polluted air[J]. Journal of loss prevention in the process industries，2000，13（6）：527-545.
[12]	ZEHRAOUI A，HASSAN A A，SORIAL G A. Effect of methanol on the biofiltration of n-hexane[J]. Journal of hazardous materials，2012，219：176-182.
[13]	RYBARCZYK P，SZULCZYńSKI B，GęBICKI J，et al. Treatment of malodorous air in biotrickling filters：a review[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal，2018，141：146-162.
[14]	WU C，WANG Q，SHI S，et al. Effective utilisation of trickling liquid discharged from a bio-trickling filter as a moisture conditioning agent for composting[J]. Biosystems Engineering，2015，129：378-387.
[15]	DONG X，MIN Y，SHUANG Z，et al. In-situ utilization of nitrogen-rich wastewater discharged from a biotrickling filter as a moisture conditioning agent for composting：insights into nitrogen transformation behavior and microbial mechanism[J]. Bioresource Technology，2022，369：128362.
[16]	DAIMS H，LÜCKER S，WAGNER M. A new perspective on microbes formerly known as nitrite-oxidizing bacteria[J]. Trends in Microbiology，2016，24（9）：699-712.
[17]	WANG S，ZENG Y. Ammonia emission mitigation in food waste composting：A review[J]. Bioresource Technology，2018，248：13-19.
[18]	ZHANG H，LI M C，YANG H Z，et al. Effect of different carbon and nitrogen ratio on decayed process of aerobic composting of cow dung[J]. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University，2019，54（1）：60-67. 张鹤，李孟婵，杨慧珍，等. 不同碳氮比对牛粪好氧堆肥腐熟过程的影响[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报，2019，54（1）：60-67.
[19]	GUO R，LI G，JIANG T，et al. Effect of aeration rate，C/N ratio and moisture content on the stability and maturity of compost[J]. Bioresource Technology，2012，112：171-178.
[20]	BERNAL M P，ALBURQUERQUE J A，MORAL R. Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment：A review[J]. Bioresource Technology，2008，100（22）：5444-5453.
[21]	唐士钊，王莹，高明，等. 不同pH生物滴滤塔含氮废液回用对好氧发酵性能的影响[J/OL]. 环境工程，1-13[ 2026-07-20]. https：//link.cnki.net/urlid/11.2097.X.20260321.1051.002. TANG S Z，WANG Y，GAO M，et al. Impact of reusing nitrogenous waste liquor from biotrickling filters at different ph levels on aerobic fermentation performance[J/OL]. Environment Engineering，1-13[ 2026-07-20]. https：//link.cnki.net/urlid/11.2097.X.20260321.1051.002.
[22]	QIAO J L，XU Y H，HE Y Y，et al. Research progress on effects of exogenous substances on nitrogen loss during organic solid waste aerobic composting[J]. Journal of Tongji University（Natural Science），2024，52（6）：943-952. 乔俊莲，徐仰红，何莹莹，等. 外源物质调控好氧堆肥氮损失研究进展[J]. 同济大学学报（自然科学版），2024，52（6）：943-952.
[23]	Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，PRC. Determination of humus composition in soil by sodium pyrophosphate-sodium hydroxide extraction and potassium dichromate oxidation volumetric method[S]. Beijing：China Agriculture Press，2010. 中华人民共和国农业部. 土壤腐殖质组成的测定焦磷酸钠-氢氧化钠提取重铬酸钾氧化容量法：NY/T 1867—2010[S]. 北京：中国农业出版社，2010.
[24]	中华人民共和国工业和信息化部. 腐植酸与黄腐酸含量的快速测定方法：HG/T 5937—2021[S]. 北京：化学工业出版社，2022. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology，PRC. Rapid determination of humic acid and fulvic acid content：HG/T 5937—2021[S]. Beijing：Chemical Industry Press，2022.
[25]	中华人民共和国环境保护部. 土壤氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮的测定：HJ 634—2012[S]. 北京：中国环境出版集团，2012. Ministry of Ecology and Environment，PRC. Soil-Determination of ammonium，nitrite and nitrate by extraction with potassium chloride solution-spectrophotometric methods：HJ 634—2012[S]. Beijing：China Environmental Publishing Group，2012.
[26]	中华人民共和国环境保护部. 土壤质量全氮的测定凯氏法：HJ 717—2014[S]. 北京：中国环境出版集团，2014. Ministry of Ecology and Environment，PRC. Soil quality-determination of total nitrogen-modified Kjeldahl method：HJ 717—2014[S]. Beijing：China Environmental Publishing Group，2014.
[27]	Chinese Society of Soil Science. Agrochemical analysis methods of soil[M]. Beijing：China Agricultural Science and Technology Press，2000. 中国土壤学会. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京：中国农业科技出版社，2000.
[28]	中华人民共和国农业农村部. 有机肥料：NY/T 525—2012[S]. 北京：中国农业出版社，2012. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，PRC. Organic fertilizer：NY/T 525—2012[S]. Beijing：China Agriculture Press，2012.
[29]	朴明月，李昂，滕洪辉. 微生物菌剂对玉米秸秆低温堆肥发酵效果的影响[J]. 吉林师范大学学报（自然科学版），2026，47（1）：83-88.
[30]	PENG S，LI H，LIN X，et al. Influence of zeolite and superphosphate as additives on antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities during factory-scale chicken manure composting[J]. Bioresource Technology，2018，263：393-401.
[31]	YANG C，HE X S，GAO R T，et al. Evolution and influencing factors of electron transfer capacity of dissolved organic matter with different molecular weights during composting[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry，2017，45（4）：579-586. 杨超，何小松，高如泰，等. 堆肥过程不同分子量水溶性有机物电子转移能力的演变及影响因素[J]. 分析化学，2017，45（4）：579-586.
[32]	WEN C，PAUL W，A L J，et al. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter[J]. Environmental science& technology，2003，37（24）：5701-5710.
[33]	ZHOU Y，SELVAM A，WONG J W C. Evaluation of humic substances during co-composting of food waste，sawdust and Chinese medicinal herbal residues[J]. Bioresource Technology，2014，168：229-234.
[34]	SILVA M E F，LEMOS L T D，NUNES O C，et al. Influence of the composition of the initial mixtures on the chemical composition，physicochemical properties and humic-like substances content of composts[J]. Waste Management，2014，34（1）：21-27.
[35]	GUOYING W，YAN Y，YILIN K，et al. Key factors affecting seed germination in phytotoxicity tests during sheep manure composting with carbon additives[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2022，421：126809.
[36]	WANG Y，LIU S，XUE W，et al. The characteristics of carbon，nitrogen and sulfur transformation during cattle manure composting—based on different aeration strategies[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health，2019，16（20）：3930.
[37]	LIANG C，DAS K C，MCCLENDON R W. The influence of temperature and moisture contents regimes on the aerobic microbial activity of a biosolids composting blend[J]. Bioresource Technology，2003，86（2）：131-137.
[38]	LIU X，LI S J，ZHENG W，et al. Effects of exogenous MnO₂ and catechol on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen transformation in aerobic composting of swine manure[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering，2023，17（10）：3349-3358. 刘鑫，李世杰，郑威，等. 外源MnO₂和儿茶酚对猪粪好氧堆肥氨挥发与氮素形态转化的影响[J]. 环境工程学报，2023，17（10）：3349-3358.
[39]	LI B. Effect of carbon regulation on nitrogen losses and its mechanism during sewage sludge composting[D]. Harbin：Harbin Institute of Technology，2014. 李云蓓. 碳源调控对污泥堆肥过程氮素损失的影响及其作用机制[D]. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2014.
[40]	SHI M，ZHAO Y，ZHU L，et al. Denitrification during composting：Biochemistry，implication and perspective[J]. International biodeterioration& biodegradation，2020，153：105043.
[41]	CHALK P M，SMITH C J. The role of agroecosystems in chemical pathways of N₂O production[J]. Agriculture，Ecosystems and Environment，2020，290：106783.
[42]	NAZINA T N，SOKOLOVA D S，GRIGORYAN A A，et al. Geobacillus jurassicus sp. nov.，a new thermophilic bacterium isolated from a high-temperature petroleum reservoir，and the validation of the Geobacillus species[J]. Systematic and applied microbiology，2005，28（1）：43-53.
[43]	JIANG J，KANG K，CHEN D，et al. Impacts of delayed addition of N-rich and acidic substrates on nitrogen loss and compost quality during pig manure composting[J]. Waste Management，2018，72：161-167.
[44]	YANG Y，AWASTHI M K，DU W，et al. Compost supplementation with nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emissions during pig manure composting[J]. Bioresource Technology，2020，297：122435.
[45]	TERESA L，R A D，ISABEL S S，et al. Thalassocella blandensis gen. nov.，sp. nov.，a novel member of the family Cellvibrionaceae[J]. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology，2020，70（2）：1231-1239.
[46]	RUSER R，FLESSA H，RUSSOW R，et al. Emission of N₂O，N₂ and CO₂ from soil fertilized with nitrate：effect of compaction，soil moisture and rewetting[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry，2005，38（2）：263-274.
[47]	WANG X，YE C，ZHANG Z，et al. Effects of temperature shock on N₂O emissions from denitrifying activated sludge and associated active bacteria[J]. Bioresource Technology，2018，249：605-611.
[48]	NIGUSSIE A，BRUUN S，KUYPER T W，et al. Delayed addition of nitrogen-rich substrates during composting of municipal waste：Effects on nitrogen loss，greenhouse gas emissions and compost stability[J]. Chemosphere，2017，166：352-362.
[49]	LIU Y，PENG Y，LI P Z，et al. Effect of NO₂^- on N₂O production by NH₄⁺ and NH₂OH oxidation during nitritation process[J]. CIESC Journal，2015，66（3）：1133-1141. 刘越，彭轶，李鹏章，等. 短程硝化过程中NO₂^-对NH₄⁺及NH₂OH氧化产生N₂O的影响[J]. 化工学报，2015，66（3）：1133-1141.
[50]	ZHAO Y F，DUAN H R，ERLER D，et al. Decoupling the simultaneous effects of NO₂^-，pH and free nitrous acid on N₂O and NO production from enriched nitrifying activated sludge[J]. Water Research，2023，245.
[51]	ZHOU J M，HUANG T L，LIU Q，et al. Denitrifying characteristics of low C/N ferrous oxidation nitrate reducing bacteria flora[J]. China Environmental Science，2021，41（8）：3723-3732. 周佳敏，黄廷林，刘茜，等. 低C/N亚铁氧化硝酸盐还原菌群脱氮特性[J]. 中国环境科学，2021，41（8）：3723-3732.
[52]	QIU S L，ZHANG S P，WENG B Q，et al. Dynamics of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria during composting of chicken manure and mushroom cultural waste[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science，2016，35（3）：573-583. 邱珊莲，张少平，翁伯琦，等. 鸡粪菌渣好氧堆肥过程中氨氧化古菌及氨氧化细菌群落的动态变化[J]. 农业环境科学学报，2016，35（3）：573-583.
[53]	ZHAO L F，MEI C H，DING X Y，et al. A review on the production mechanism and affecting factors of N₂O during nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands[J]. Science Technology and Engineering，2013，13（29）：8705-8714. 赵联芳，梅才华，丁小燕，等. 人工湿地污水脱氮中N₂O的产生机理和影响因素[J]. 科学技术与工程，2013，13（29）：8705-8714.
[54]	E Z Y，XU Z C，YAN D K，et al. Investigation of N₂0 emission behavior and reduction strategies in wastewater denitrification[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment，2026，26（3）：1150-1160. 鄂正阳，许子聪，阎登科，等. 不同生物脱氮系统中N₂O的排放特征和减排路径研究[J]. 安全与环境学报，2026，26（3）：1150-1160.
[55]	YANG Y，AWASTHI M K，WU L，et al. Microbial driving mechanism of biochar and bean dregs on NH₃ and N₂O emissions during composting[J]. Bioresource Technology，2020，315：123829.
[56]	LUO Y，LIANG J，ZENG G，et al. Seed germination test for toxicity evaluation of compost：Its roles，problems and prospects[J]. Waste Management，2018，71：109-114.
[57]	PAN J，CAI H，ZHANG Z，et al. Comparative evaluation of the use of acidic additives on sewage sludge composting quality improvement，nitrogen conservation，and greenhouse gas reduction[J]. Bioresource Technology，2018，270：467-475.
[58]	ZHOU X，XIONG C J，LI Z D，et al. Seed germination index of the product of kitchen waste biochemical equipment and its influencing factors[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University，2023，44（2）：239-244. 周欣，熊传教，李子东，等. 厨余生化机产物的种子发芽指数及影响因素研究[J]. 华南农业大学学报，2023，44（2）：239-244.
[59]	MENG J，LIU X，SHI J，et al. Effect of composting process of pig manure on phytotoxicity[M]. Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment. Springer，2012：715-719.