长期停运恢复与低温胁迫下中试厌氧滤池的群落演替及碳足迹核算

章世勇; 刘秀红; 程蓉; 杨庆

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202608003

长期停运恢复与低温胁迫下中试厌氧滤池的群落演替及碳足迹核算

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608003

章世勇¹,
刘秀红^2, ,,
程蓉¹,
杨庆¹

1. 北京工业大学城镇污水深度处理与资源化利用技术国家工程实验室, 北京 100124;
2. 北京工业大学水质科学与水环境恢复工程北京市重点实验室, 北京 100124

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目“基于功能菌群代谢调控实现产甲烷ANAMMOX除碳脱氮耦合体系研究”（51878011）

详细信息

作者简介:
章世勇（1996—），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向为城镇污水深度处理与资源化利用技术。shiyz925@163.com

通讯作者:
刘秀红（1979—），女，教授，主要研究方向为城镇污水深度处理与资源化利用技术。lxhfei@163.com

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-03-31

Community succession and carbon footprint accounting of a pilot-scale anaerobic filter during recovery after long-term shutdown under low-temperature stress

1. National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China

摘要

摘要: 将中试厌氧滤池（AF）用于处理实际城市污水，探究系统在无水停运234 d后的性能恢复过程，以及连续低温对系统运行能效和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明：延长水力停留时间有助于AF的快速恢复。恢复稳定后，中试厌氧滤池对总化学需氧量（TCOD）和溶解态化学需氧量（SCOD）去除量分别达到58.6，21.5 mg/L。在连续100 d的低温运行后，TCOD和SCOD去除量仍能达到54.6，28.6 mg/L，且低温虽导致甲烷产量降低，但甲烷产率并未受到明显影响。低温环境下，胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质含量分泌增加，且与温度呈负相关，蛋白质的大量分泌对AF抵抗低温胁迫起关键作用，使得体系在低温下稳定运行。微生物群落结构分析揭示，长期饥饿后系统功能菌群按水解酸化菌、产氢产乙酸菌和产甲烷菌的顺序依次恢复，且以CO₂还原型产甲烷菌Methanobacterium为优势产甲烷菌。在经历低温后，乙酸营养型产甲烷菌Methanosaeta成为体系的优势产甲烷菌。同时，低温促进了滤池中上层（60~90 cm）位置水解酸化菌和产氢产乙酸菌富集。能量与碳足迹综合核算表明：除进水温度降低至11.7 ℃外，系统回收的甲烷电能可满足蠕动泵的耗能需求，且厌氧滤池与硝酸盐依赖型甲烷氧化工艺的耦合是实现城市污水碳减排的最佳路径。
- 中试厌氧滤池 /
- 低温 /
- 微生物群落结构 /
- 胞外聚合物 /
- 碳足迹
Abstract: Driven by the Dual Carbon Goals and the imperative concept of a circular economy， transitioning municipal wastewater treatment from traditional energy-intensive aerobic processes to sustainable， energy-recovering anaerobic technologies has become highly essential for the water industry. However， the practical application of anaerobic biological treatment for low-strength municipal wastewater often faces severe operational challenges， particularly those recovering from unexpected equipment shutdowns， long-term starvation， and seasonal low-temperature fluctuations. To systematically address these critical issues in pilot-scale applications， a pilot-scale anaerobic filter （AF） packed with volcanic rock media was employed to treat actual municipal wastewater； the reactor， with an effective volume of 240 L， was evaluated over multiple continuous operational phases. This study comprehensively investigated the system’s performance recovery following an extended 234-day period of starvation， and the subsequent impact of continuous low-temperature stress on operational efficiency， pollutant spatial distribution， and microbial community structure. The experimental results demonstrated that extending the hydraulic retention time from 8 to 12 hours facilitated the rapid recovery of the AF； upon achieving stable recovery， the removal amounts of total chemical oxygen demand （TCOD） and soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） reached 58.6 mg/L and 21.5 mg/L， respectively， and following a continuous 100-day period of low-temperature operation（ the influent temperature dropped to as low as 11.7 ℃）， the TCOD and SCOD removal amounts remained 54.6 mg/L and 28.6 mg/L， respectively. Although the extremely low temperature decreased the overall CH₄ production volume， the specific CH₄ yield was not significantly affected， thereby maintaining an efficient energy conversion rate； mechanistic investigations revealed that， under low-temperature conditions， the secretion of proteins within extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） significantly increased and exhibited a strong negative correlation with the temperature gradient along the filter height. The massive protein secretion played a crucial protective role in resisting low-temperature stress， thereby enabling the system to maintain structural integrity and operate stably. High-throughput sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the microbial community revealed a distinct spatial and temporal succession； after the long-term starvation period， the functional microbiomes recovered sequentially in the strict order of hydrolytic-acidogenic bacteria， hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria， and methanogens， and during this initial recovery phase， the CO₂-reducing methanogen Methanobacterium dominated the methanogenic community； however， following the prolonged low-temperature period， a significant pathway shift occurred， and the acetoclastic methanogen Methanosaeta， relying on its high affinity for acetate， became the dominant methanogen in the system. Furthermore， low-temperature stress promoted a unique spatial functional stratification， leading to a substantial enrichment of hydrolytic-acidogenic and hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria in the upper-middle layers of the filter， which significantly improved the effective utilization of the reactor volume. Finally， a comprehensive energy and carbon footprint accounting indicated that， except for the extreme scenario where the influent temperature dropped to 11.7 ℃， the recovered CH₄electrical energy could fully satisfy the baseline energy consumption of the system’s peristaltic pump； furthermore， coupling the anaerobic filter effluent with a nitrate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation process proved to be the optimal technological pathway for preventing dissolved methane emission and achieving deep carbon emission reduction. These findings provide vital theoretical support， precise spatial-temporal microbial mechanisms， and a highly practical engineering paradigm for the resilient operation and carbon-energy synergistic optimization of full-scale anaerobic wastewater treatment facilities under extreme environmental conditions.
- pilot-scale anaerobic filter （AF） /
- low temperature /
- microbial community structure /
- extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） /
- carbon footprint

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