退役磷酸铁锂与镍钴锰电池放电废水有机污染物指纹的GC-MS非靶向筛查比较

赵亚飞; 石凤琼; 赵月红; 曹宏斌; 孙德智

doi:10.13205/j.hjgc.202610004

退役磷酸铁锂与镍钴锰电池放电废水有机污染物指纹的GC-MS非靶向筛查比较

doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610004

1. 北京林业大学水体污染源控制技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100083;
2. 中国科学院过程工程研究所, 北京 100190

基金项目:

中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（Ａ类）（XDA0430105）

详细信息

作者简介:
赵亚飞（2001—），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为动力电池全生命周期新污染物迁移转化规律。

通讯作者:
孙德智（1960—），男，教授，主要研究方向为水污染控制技术研发、污染水体修复技术等。sundezhi@bjfu.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-08-17
- 网络出版日期: 2026-11-10

Comparative analysis of organic pollutants fingerprints in brine-discharge wastewater from spent LiFePO₄ and NCM batteries via non-targeted GC-MS screening

1. Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
2. Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

摘要

摘要: 随着退役锂离子电池（LIBs）规模的快速增长，其安全高效回收处置已成为迫切需求。退役LIBs机械破碎前通常采用盐水浸泡放电，用于耗散残余电量、规避短路与热失控风险，但该过程产生的放电废水成分复杂，其组成与特征尚缺乏系统解析，不同正极体系废水的污染特征差异亦不明确。研究采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry， SPE-GC-MS）非靶向筛查技术，对退役磷酸铁锂电池（LFP-33140型）与镍钴锰电池（NCM-18650型）盐水放电废水中的半挥发性有机物进行系统比较。经NIST谱库检索（匹配度≥80%）结合保留指数核验（RI偏差在±20以内），共检出86种有机化合物（其中，LFP 56种、NCM 44种，共同含有14种），2类废水的有机污染谱差异显著，其中LFP废水中以聚醚类及其羧酸衍生物、短链磷酸三烷基酯及含氯碳酸酯为主要特征，NCM废水中以烷基膦酸二甲酯同系物（P—C键型）、受阻酚类抗氧化剂及其氧化产物、长链脂肪酸为主要特征，这些组成差异与2种电池的正极化学体系、电解液配方及黏结剂/辅助材料的组成密切相关。研究初步建立了电池化学类型与放电废水有机污染组成间的关联，烷基膦酸酯同系物与受阻酚类化合物可作为区分2类废水的潜在特征标志物。研究结果为不同退役LIBs回收废水的分类处理与特征污染物管控提供了基础数据。
- 废旧锂离子电池 /
- 正极化学体系 /
- 放电废水 /
- 有机污染物指纹 /
- 非靶向筛查
Abstract: With the rapid growth in the scale of spent lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）， their safe and efficient recycling has become an urgent need. Prior to mechanical crushing， spent LIBs are typically discharged by brine immersion to dissipate residual charge and prevent short circuits and thermal runaway； however， the resulting brine-discharge wastewater remains poorly characterized， and differences in pollution profiles across cathode chemistries are unclear. Here， solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （SPE-GC-MS） non-targeted screening was used to compare semi-volatile organic compounds in brine-discharge wastewater from spent lithium iron phosphate （LFP-33140） and nickel-cobalt-manganese （NCM-18650） batteries. After NIST library matching （match factor ≥ 80%） and retention-index verification （within ±20）， 86 compounds were identified （56 in LFP， 44 in NCM， 14 shared）， revealing distinct pollution profiles. LFP wastewater was characterized by polyethers and carboxylic acid derivatives， short-chain trialkyl phosphates， and chlorinated carbonates， whereas NCM wastewater was dominated by dimethyl alkylphosphonate homologues （P—C bonded）， hindered-phenol antioxidants and their oxidation products， and long-chain fatty acids. These differences reflect the cathode chemistry， electrolyte formulation， and binder/auxiliary materials of each battery type. Alkylphosphonate homologues and hindered phenols are potential indicators for distinguishing the two wastewater types， providing baseline data for classified treatment and targeted pollutant control of LIB recycling wastewater.
- spent lithium-ion batteries /
- cathode chemistry /
- discharge wastewater /
- organic pollutant fingerprint /
- non-targeted screening

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