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2026 Vol. 44, No. 1
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2026, 44(1): 1-7.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601001
Abstract:
With the rapid development of China's semiconductor manufacturing industry， including electronic chips， rapidly grows towards self-sufficiency， the demand for ultrapure water in electronic-grade applications is increasing significantly. However， China faces severe water scarcity issues， making it increasingly challenging to meet the demand for ultrapure water production. The utilization of reclaimed water in the preparation of electronic-grade ultrapure water has emerged as an important solution， which is also a significant development direction for advanced international enterprises and being increasingly practiced in China. However， the water quality requirements for electronic-grade ultrapure water are extremely stringent. Currently， there is a lack of water quality standards for reclaimed water used as this water source. This poses challenges such as incomplete water quality indicators， undefined limits， and difficulties in providing standardized guidance for the utilization of reclaimed water in the electronics manufacturing industry. The Guidelines for Water Reuse-Electronic Grade Ultrapure Water Source（T/CSES 122—2023） aims to establish a classification system for such reclaimed water and to define its corresponding water quality indicators， limit values， treatment requirements， and management methods. Its formulation and implementation are of significant importance for standardizing and guiding the utilization of reclaimed water in producing electronic-grade ultrapure water. Moreover， it provides essential standards and technical support for promoting the resuse of wastewater in industry field.
With the rapid development of China's semiconductor manufacturing industry， including electronic chips， rapidly grows towards self-sufficiency， the demand for ultrapure water in electronic-grade applications is increasing significantly. However， China faces severe water scarcity issues， making it increasingly challenging to meet the demand for ultrapure water production. The utilization of reclaimed water in the preparation of electronic-grade ultrapure water has emerged as an important solution， which is also a significant development direction for advanced international enterprises and being increasingly practiced in China. However， the water quality requirements for electronic-grade ultrapure water are extremely stringent. Currently， there is a lack of water quality standards for reclaimed water used as this water source. This poses challenges such as incomplete water quality indicators， undefined limits， and difficulties in providing standardized guidance for the utilization of reclaimed water in the electronics manufacturing industry. The Guidelines for Water Reuse-Electronic Grade Ultrapure Water Source（T/CSES 122—2023） aims to establish a classification system for such reclaimed water and to define its corresponding water quality indicators， limit values， treatment requirements， and management methods. Its formulation and implementation are of significant importance for standardizing and guiding the utilization of reclaimed water in producing electronic-grade ultrapure water. Moreover， it provides essential standards and technical support for promoting the resuse of wastewater in industry field.
2026, 44(1): 8-20.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601002
Abstract:
As a typical persistent organic pollutant， polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） have become a key challenge in global environmental governance due to their carcinogenicity， bioaccumulation， and long-distance migration ability. The occurrence of PAHs in wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） across multiple countries was systematically analyzed in this study. The concentration distribution patterns were revealed： industrial-intensive regions exhibited significantly higher influent PAHs concentrations compared to domestic wastewater-dominant areas； in sludge， high molecular weight PAHs account for over 65% of the total PAHs. The removal mechanisms of PAHs at different wastewater treatment stages were comprehensively examined. Biological treatment achieved an average removal rate of approximately 60%. Although advanced oxidation technology has a beneficial treatment effect， it presents problems such as high cost and toxicity of by-products. Based on these findings， a full-chain governance framework was proposed， integrating “source apportionment， process interception， and intelligent regulation.” This study was conducted from multiple analytical perspectives. A theoretical framework and engineering strategies were established to achieve precise control and mitigate risks associated with PAHs in WWTPs.
As a typical persistent organic pollutant， polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） have become a key challenge in global environmental governance due to their carcinogenicity， bioaccumulation， and long-distance migration ability. The occurrence of PAHs in wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） across multiple countries was systematically analyzed in this study. The concentration distribution patterns were revealed： industrial-intensive regions exhibited significantly higher influent PAHs concentrations compared to domestic wastewater-dominant areas； in sludge， high molecular weight PAHs account for over 65% of the total PAHs. The removal mechanisms of PAHs at different wastewater treatment stages were comprehensively examined. Biological treatment achieved an average removal rate of approximately 60%. Although advanced oxidation technology has a beneficial treatment effect， it presents problems such as high cost and toxicity of by-products. Based on these findings， a full-chain governance framework was proposed， integrating “source apportionment， process interception， and intelligent regulation.” This study was conducted from multiple analytical perspectives. A theoretical framework and engineering strategies were established to achieve precise control and mitigate risks associated with PAHs in WWTPs.
2026, 44(1): 21-30.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601003
Abstract:
Decentralized domestic sewage， characterized by its small discharge volume， fluctuating water quality， and high organic content， affects the green development and water environment safety of decentralized residential areas， primarily in rural regions， and threatens the physical and mental health of residents. Research on decentralized domestic sewage treatment technology is significant for improving the ecological environment of decentralized residential areas， increasing water supply and reducing water pollution， improving the capacity of domestic sewage treatment in decentralized residential areas， and promoting sustainable development. This paper analyzed the sources and discharge characteristics of such sewage and systematically reviewed the research progress in aerobic biological treatment， anaerobic biological treatment， natural ecological treatment， and combined multi-technology processes. It compared various technologies in terms of their advantages， disadvantages， cost， and removal efficiency. The comparison revealed that biological treatment technologies generally offer higher removal efficiency， while anaerobic biological treatment technologies have a wide range of adaptability， and natural ecological purification technologies have lower operating costs. Therefore， combined multi-technology processes should be the primary direction for future development. In addition， this paper discussed the current situation and future trends of these treatment technologies， as well as the needs and prospects for efficient， green， and sustainable solutions. Finally， suggestions were put forward for selecting appropriate technologies， with a view to providing reference and support for the management of decentralized domestic sewage and for the application and development of related treatment technologies.
Decentralized domestic sewage， characterized by its small discharge volume， fluctuating water quality， and high organic content， affects the green development and water environment safety of decentralized residential areas， primarily in rural regions， and threatens the physical and mental health of residents. Research on decentralized domestic sewage treatment technology is significant for improving the ecological environment of decentralized residential areas， increasing water supply and reducing water pollution， improving the capacity of domestic sewage treatment in decentralized residential areas， and promoting sustainable development. This paper analyzed the sources and discharge characteristics of such sewage and systematically reviewed the research progress in aerobic biological treatment， anaerobic biological treatment， natural ecological treatment， and combined multi-technology processes. It compared various technologies in terms of their advantages， disadvantages， cost， and removal efficiency. The comparison revealed that biological treatment technologies generally offer higher removal efficiency， while anaerobic biological treatment technologies have a wide range of adaptability， and natural ecological purification technologies have lower operating costs. Therefore， combined multi-technology processes should be the primary direction for future development. In addition， this paper discussed the current situation and future trends of these treatment technologies， as well as the needs and prospects for efficient， green， and sustainable solutions. Finally， suggestions were put forward for selecting appropriate technologies， with a view to providing reference and support for the management of decentralized domestic sewage and for the application and development of related treatment technologies.
2026, 44(1): 31-42.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601004
Abstract:
Reclaimed water has become one of the important ways to solve the water shortage because of its abundant water quantity， stable water source and less fluctuation by natural conditions. As a city with serious water shortage and high dependence on Yellow River water， efficient utilization of reclaimed water is particularly necessary and urgent in Yinchuan. However， as the application scope of reclaimed water continues to expand， its ecological and environmental risks are also gradually appearing. Based on the actual situation of reclaimed water utilization in Yinchuan， this study evaluated the potential ecological risks and proposed coping strategies for the specific situation of Yinchuan area， taking the cases and challenges of global reclaimed water application in the process of ecological water replenishment into account. The study explored in depth the three dimensions of water environment， water ecology and water security， and formulated ten feasible suggested measures， including formulating local regulations on reclaimed water utilization in Yinchuan City， Ningxia， reasonably determining the amount of reclaimed water to be recharged， planning a reasonable recharge cycle， upgrading the quality of the effluent from the reclaimed water treatment plants， reducing the discharge of trace pollutants， adjusting the disinfection measures for the effluent， maintaining the reclaimed water distribution system on a regular basis， real-time monitoring of hydrological conditions of recharged rivers and lakes， continuous tracking of the quality of receiving rivers and lakes and the quality of the soil of the irrigated green areas， and regularly assessing the water ecosystem health of the recharge rivers and lakes. Reasonable management and technical means will help to effectively control the ecological and environmental risks in reclaimed water utilization， promote the healthy development of reclaimed water utilization， and achieve the win-win goal of sustainable utilization of water resources and ecological protection.
Reclaimed water has become one of the important ways to solve the water shortage because of its abundant water quantity， stable water source and less fluctuation by natural conditions. As a city with serious water shortage and high dependence on Yellow River water， efficient utilization of reclaimed water is particularly necessary and urgent in Yinchuan. However， as the application scope of reclaimed water continues to expand， its ecological and environmental risks are also gradually appearing. Based on the actual situation of reclaimed water utilization in Yinchuan， this study evaluated the potential ecological risks and proposed coping strategies for the specific situation of Yinchuan area， taking the cases and challenges of global reclaimed water application in the process of ecological water replenishment into account. The study explored in depth the three dimensions of water environment， water ecology and water security， and formulated ten feasible suggested measures， including formulating local regulations on reclaimed water utilization in Yinchuan City， Ningxia， reasonably determining the amount of reclaimed water to be recharged， planning a reasonable recharge cycle， upgrading the quality of the effluent from the reclaimed water treatment plants， reducing the discharge of trace pollutants， adjusting the disinfection measures for the effluent， maintaining the reclaimed water distribution system on a regular basis， real-time monitoring of hydrological conditions of recharged rivers and lakes， continuous tracking of the quality of receiving rivers and lakes and the quality of the soil of the irrigated green areas， and regularly assessing the water ecosystem health of the recharge rivers and lakes. Reasonable management and technical means will help to effectively control the ecological and environmental risks in reclaimed water utilization， promote the healthy development of reclaimed water utilization， and achieve the win-win goal of sustainable utilization of water resources and ecological protection.
2026, 44(1): 43-51.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601005
Abstract:
A two-stage sequencing batch biological contact oxidation reactor （Ⅰ/Ⅱ-SBBCOR） was designed to deal with leachate and the difficulties in its biological nitrogen removal. The results showed that the biological contact oxidation process of “segmented + sequencing batch” can reasonably remove nitrogen from leachate. Hydraulic retention time （HRT） plays a crucial role in controlling the loss of biological substrates and biomass within the Ⅰ/Ⅱ-SBBCOR， as well as the timing of nitrification and denitrification reactions. The sequencing batch cycle （SBC） plays a crucial role in controlling substrate concentration gradients， hydraulic shock loads， diverse biological habitats， and microbial activity. Dissolved oxygen （DO） plays a decisive role in controlling the growth activity of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in nutrient/microaerophilic/anaerobic environments. Therefore， all the three are significant factors affecting the denitrification efficiency of the Ⅰ/Ⅱ-SBBCOR. The optimal operation condition for Ⅰ/Ⅱ-SBBCOR was as follows： HRT = 6 d/3 d， SBC = 6 h/6 h， DO=2.0 mg/L/2.5 mg/L，respectively. Under this condition， the nutrient ratio of effluent is more reasonable， which is beneficial to subsequent advanced treatment.
A two-stage sequencing batch biological contact oxidation reactor （Ⅰ/Ⅱ-SBBCOR） was designed to deal with leachate and the difficulties in its biological nitrogen removal. The results showed that the biological contact oxidation process of “segmented + sequencing batch” can reasonably remove nitrogen from leachate. Hydraulic retention time （HRT） plays a crucial role in controlling the loss of biological substrates and biomass within the Ⅰ/Ⅱ-SBBCOR， as well as the timing of nitrification and denitrification reactions. The sequencing batch cycle （SBC） plays a crucial role in controlling substrate concentration gradients， hydraulic shock loads， diverse biological habitats， and microbial activity. Dissolved oxygen （DO） plays a decisive role in controlling the growth activity of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in nutrient/microaerophilic/anaerobic environments. Therefore， all the three are significant factors affecting the denitrification efficiency of the Ⅰ/Ⅱ-SBBCOR. The optimal operation condition for Ⅰ/Ⅱ-SBBCOR was as follows： HRT = 6 d/3 d， SBC = 6 h/6 h， DO=2.0 mg/L/2.5 mg/L，respectively. Under this condition， the nutrient ratio of effluent is more reasonable， which is beneficial to subsequent advanced treatment.
2026, 44(1): 52-60.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601006
Abstract:
In the operation of wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs）， a rather critical issue has emerged where the biological phosphorus removal efficiency is often unable to be precisely characterized because of the influence of the residual chemical phosphorus removal agents in the system， which in turn gives rise to the problem that excessive amounts of phosphorus removal agents are dosed， not only causing waste of resources but also potentially disrupting the normal operation and performance of the WWTPs. In this paper， a combined approach integrating bench-scale tests in a laboratory setting and on-site tests mirroring the actual operation conditions of WWTPs was adopted to clearly expound the impact of chemical phosphorus removal agents on the evaluation of biological phosphorus removal efficiency. When constructing the evaluation system for biological phosphorus removal efficiency， several key characterization indicators such as polyphosphate which is of great importance in the processes of phosphorus storage and release within the biological systems of WWTPs， polyphosphate-accumulating organisms （PAOs） which are the core microorganisms in phosphorus accumulation， and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate （PHB）， an essential metabolite closely related to the energy metabolism and phosphorus removal， were chosen， and integrated with the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） to establish a brand-new and comprehensive evaluation system for biological phosphorus removal efficiency. Subsequently， the evaluation of biological phosphorus removal efficiency was carried out for three WWTPs in Beijing with different treatment processes. Based on the evaluation results， targeted improvement strategies were put forward. The results showed that the residues of chemical phosphorus removal agents remaining in the system can seriously affect the accuracy of the evaluation results of biological phosphorus removal efficiency. In the case of WWTP A， the error exceeded 40%. This led to the inability to accurately dose phosphorus removal agents， thereby greatly interfering with the operation and regulation of the WWTP. Fortunately， the newly developed evaluation method can effectively eliminate the influence and obtain the accurate proportion of biological phosphorus removal in the wastewater treatment process， with an evaluation accuracy higher than 95%. When conducting the evaluation of biological phosphorus removal in WWTPs， it is recommended to mainly focus on detecting the changes in sludge polyphosphate， and take the detection results of the abundance of PAOs and PHB as supplementary information. By combining these three evaluation indicators and dynamically adjusting the operating parameters of the biological tank in the WWTP， and the dosing amount of phosphorus removal agents， the strengthening of biological phosphorus removal and the accurate dosing of phosphorus removal agents can be achieved， thus improving the overall operation efficiency and environmental protection level of the WWTP.
In the operation of wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs）， a rather critical issue has emerged where the biological phosphorus removal efficiency is often unable to be precisely characterized because of the influence of the residual chemical phosphorus removal agents in the system， which in turn gives rise to the problem that excessive amounts of phosphorus removal agents are dosed， not only causing waste of resources but also potentially disrupting the normal operation and performance of the WWTPs. In this paper， a combined approach integrating bench-scale tests in a laboratory setting and on-site tests mirroring the actual operation conditions of WWTPs was adopted to clearly expound the impact of chemical phosphorus removal agents on the evaluation of biological phosphorus removal efficiency. When constructing the evaluation system for biological phosphorus removal efficiency， several key characterization indicators such as polyphosphate which is of great importance in the processes of phosphorus storage and release within the biological systems of WWTPs， polyphosphate-accumulating organisms （PAOs） which are the core microorganisms in phosphorus accumulation， and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate （PHB）， an essential metabolite closely related to the energy metabolism and phosphorus removal， were chosen， and integrated with the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） to establish a brand-new and comprehensive evaluation system for biological phosphorus removal efficiency. Subsequently， the evaluation of biological phosphorus removal efficiency was carried out for three WWTPs in Beijing with different treatment processes. Based on the evaluation results， targeted improvement strategies were put forward. The results showed that the residues of chemical phosphorus removal agents remaining in the system can seriously affect the accuracy of the evaluation results of biological phosphorus removal efficiency. In the case of WWTP A， the error exceeded 40%. This led to the inability to accurately dose phosphorus removal agents， thereby greatly interfering with the operation and regulation of the WWTP. Fortunately， the newly developed evaluation method can effectively eliminate the influence and obtain the accurate proportion of biological phosphorus removal in the wastewater treatment process， with an evaluation accuracy higher than 95%. When conducting the evaluation of biological phosphorus removal in WWTPs， it is recommended to mainly focus on detecting the changes in sludge polyphosphate， and take the detection results of the abundance of PAOs and PHB as supplementary information. By combining these three evaluation indicators and dynamically adjusting the operating parameters of the biological tank in the WWTP， and the dosing amount of phosphorus removal agents， the strengthening of biological phosphorus removal and the accurate dosing of phosphorus removal agents can be achieved， thus improving the overall operation efficiency and environmental protection level of the WWTP.
2026, 44(1): 61-69.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601007
Abstract:
Rhamnolipid， a common biosurfactant， has an inhibitory effect on some marine microalgae. To investigate the effects of rhamnolipids on the growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa and the impact mechanism， the growth， microcystin production and release， intracellular oxygen radicals， malondialdehyde content， and cell membrane morphology of Microcystis aeruginosa under rhamnolipid stress were measured. The results indicated that 8 mg/L rhamnolipid inhibited more than 90% of Microcystis aeruginosa at the beginning of the logarithmic growth period by day 10， and 95.5% by the end of the test， with significant inhibition of algal growth within 21 days. Rhamnolipids enhanced the MC-LR production capacity of the algal cells， with the mcyD gene up-regulated to 1.1 times that of the blank group， but the total amount of MC-LR produced by the algal cells was significantly reduced， and no significant difference in the amount of extracellular MC-LR released was observed. The overloading of superoxide anion in algal cells under rhamnolipid stress caused lipid peroxidation of cell membranes， decomposition of membrane lipids into malondialdehyde， disruption of membrane structure， and consequent release of intracellular MC-LR. The result can provide a theoretical basis for the practical application of rhamnolipids.
Rhamnolipid， a common biosurfactant， has an inhibitory effect on some marine microalgae. To investigate the effects of rhamnolipids on the growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa and the impact mechanism， the growth， microcystin production and release， intracellular oxygen radicals， malondialdehyde content， and cell membrane morphology of Microcystis aeruginosa under rhamnolipid stress were measured. The results indicated that 8 mg/L rhamnolipid inhibited more than 90% of Microcystis aeruginosa at the beginning of the logarithmic growth period by day 10， and 95.5% by the end of the test， with significant inhibition of algal growth within 21 days. Rhamnolipids enhanced the MC-LR production capacity of the algal cells， with the mcyD gene up-regulated to 1.1 times that of the blank group， but the total amount of MC-LR produced by the algal cells was significantly reduced， and no significant difference in the amount of extracellular MC-LR released was observed. The overloading of superoxide anion in algal cells under rhamnolipid stress caused lipid peroxidation of cell membranes， decomposition of membrane lipids into malondialdehyde， disruption of membrane structure， and consequent release of intracellular MC-LR. The result can provide a theoretical basis for the practical application of rhamnolipids.
2026, 44(1): 70-78.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601008
Abstract:
In this paper， a combination of pyrite autotrophic and sodium acetate-based heterotrophic reduction process was used for removing perchlorate from water， and the removal performance was investigated in a pyrite-packed reactor. Results showed that perchlorate ［Cl（Ⅶ）］ was effectively reduced into chloride ions （Cl-） using pyrite and acetate as electron donors. In the early stage of reactor operation （from day 0 to day 15）， the perchlorate removal efficiency was over 85%； as the temperature decreased， the removal efficiency decreased and ultimately stabilized at 60% above. As the temperature increased and the hydraulic retention time increased， the removal performance improved， and the final removal efficiency of perchlorate stabilized at over 95%. Pyrite-based autotrophic reduction was dominant （from 0 to day 35） first， while acetate-based heterotrophic reduction was dominant in the later stage for perchlorate removal. Kinetic analysis indicated that the degradation process of perchlorate followed a zero-order kinetic model， and the perchlorate removal rate was 0.48 mg/（L·h） to 0.70 mg/（L·h）. The characterization of pyrite by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） technology showed that S2- and Fe（Ⅱ） in the pyrite were oxidized into SO42- and Fe（Ⅲ）， respectively. The dominant bacterial genera for the removal of perchlorate in the reactor were Romboutsia， Ferruginibacter， and Dokdonellai. This study provides a potential approach for the remediation of perchlorate-contaminated wastewater.
In this paper， a combination of pyrite autotrophic and sodium acetate-based heterotrophic reduction process was used for removing perchlorate from water， and the removal performance was investigated in a pyrite-packed reactor. Results showed that perchlorate ［Cl（Ⅶ）］ was effectively reduced into chloride ions （Cl-） using pyrite and acetate as electron donors. In the early stage of reactor operation （from day 0 to day 15）， the perchlorate removal efficiency was over 85%； as the temperature decreased， the removal efficiency decreased and ultimately stabilized at 60% above. As the temperature increased and the hydraulic retention time increased， the removal performance improved， and the final removal efficiency of perchlorate stabilized at over 95%. Pyrite-based autotrophic reduction was dominant （from 0 to day 35） first， while acetate-based heterotrophic reduction was dominant in the later stage for perchlorate removal. Kinetic analysis indicated that the degradation process of perchlorate followed a zero-order kinetic model， and the perchlorate removal rate was 0.48 mg/（L·h） to 0.70 mg/（L·h）. The characterization of pyrite by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） technology showed that S2- and Fe（Ⅱ） in the pyrite were oxidized into SO42- and Fe（Ⅲ）， respectively. The dominant bacterial genera for the removal of perchlorate in the reactor were Romboutsia， Ferruginibacter， and Dokdonellai. This study provides a potential approach for the remediation of perchlorate-contaminated wastewater.
2026, 44(1): 79-88.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601009
Abstract:
To address the issues of NH3-N and COD pollution， slow natural growth of nitrifying bacteria， and unstable treatment efficiency in rural micro-water bodies， this study examined a polycaprolactone （PCL）-based nitrifying bacteria enrichment carrier， focusing on environmental adaptability， pollutant removal efficiency， and microbial enrichment mechanisms. Key findings include： 1） The carrier showed excellent environmental adaptability at a 0.1% dosage. It performed well within a temperature range of 10 ℃ to 30 ℃ and a pH range of 6 to 9. It could achieve a significant NH3-N removal under low-temperature and acidic/alkaline conditions. 2） The carrier enabled simultaneous NH3-N and COD removal， with a removal rate reaching 78.39% for NH3-N and 71.41% for COD，respectively. 3） The carrier surface enriched nitrifying functional bacteria， including Dechloromonas， norank_f__Anaerolineaceae， and Phreatobacter. Nitrification-related functional genes （amoA and nxrA） showed increased copy numbers. Microbial activity is significantly enhanced.
To address the issues of NH3-N and COD pollution， slow natural growth of nitrifying bacteria， and unstable treatment efficiency in rural micro-water bodies， this study examined a polycaprolactone （PCL）-based nitrifying bacteria enrichment carrier， focusing on environmental adaptability， pollutant removal efficiency， and microbial enrichment mechanisms. Key findings include： 1） The carrier showed excellent environmental adaptability at a 0.1% dosage. It performed well within a temperature range of 10 ℃ to 30 ℃ and a pH range of 6 to 9. It could achieve a significant NH3-N removal under low-temperature and acidic/alkaline conditions. 2） The carrier enabled simultaneous NH3-N and COD removal， with a removal rate reaching 78.39% for NH3-N and 71.41% for COD，respectively. 3） The carrier surface enriched nitrifying functional bacteria， including Dechloromonas， norank_f__Anaerolineaceae， and Phreatobacter. Nitrification-related functional genes （amoA and nxrA） showed increased copy numbers. Microbial activity is significantly enhanced.
2026, 44(1): 89-100.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601010
Abstract:
Heterogeneous catalysts have shown great potential in the activation of peracetic acid （PAA） for the degradation of antibiotics in water. Taking tetracycline in water as the object， this study prepared magnetic MnFe2O4@CeO2 composite materials via a one-step low-temperature co-precipitation method， and characterized them using SEM， BET， VSM， FT-IR， and XPS. The effects of Mn/Ce molar ratio， PAA concentration， catalyst dosage， initial pH， co-existing anions， and humic acid concentration on catalytic degradation efficiency of tetracycline （TC） by the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system were investigated. The results indicated that at an initial TC concentration of 10 mg/L， a Ce/Mn molar ratio of 1∶3， pH of 7， and PAA concentration of 200 μmol/L， with a MnFe2O4@CeO2 dosage of 0.1 g/L， the system could degrade 97.3% of TC within 30 minutes. MnFe2O4@CeO2 exhibited a good degradation effect on TC within a pH range of 3 to 9. Anions and humic acid had varying degrees of inhibitory effects on the degradation efficiency of the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system. Electron paramagnetic resonance （EPR）， quenching experiments， and XPS analysis collectively revealed the degradation mechanism of TC by the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system， where Mn and Ce are the key elements to activating PAA. CH3C（O）OO•， •OH， and 1O2 were the main reactive species involved in TC degradation， with CH3C（O）OO• playing a primary role. Additionally， the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system was tested for its broad applicability in different real water bodies and against other refractory organic pollutants. Finally， the stability and reusability of the MnFe2O4@CeO2 composite materials were assessed. The magnetic MnFe2O4 loaded with CeO2 reduced the leaching of metal ions and exhibited good stability. After five cycles of reuse， the TC removal rate of the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system remained at 86.9%.
Heterogeneous catalysts have shown great potential in the activation of peracetic acid （PAA） for the degradation of antibiotics in water. Taking tetracycline in water as the object， this study prepared magnetic MnFe2O4@CeO2 composite materials via a one-step low-temperature co-precipitation method， and characterized them using SEM， BET， VSM， FT-IR， and XPS. The effects of Mn/Ce molar ratio， PAA concentration， catalyst dosage， initial pH， co-existing anions， and humic acid concentration on catalytic degradation efficiency of tetracycline （TC） by the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system were investigated. The results indicated that at an initial TC concentration of 10 mg/L， a Ce/Mn molar ratio of 1∶3， pH of 7， and PAA concentration of 200 μmol/L， with a MnFe2O4@CeO2 dosage of 0.1 g/L， the system could degrade 97.3% of TC within 30 minutes. MnFe2O4@CeO2 exhibited a good degradation effect on TC within a pH range of 3 to 9. Anions and humic acid had varying degrees of inhibitory effects on the degradation efficiency of the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system. Electron paramagnetic resonance （EPR）， quenching experiments， and XPS analysis collectively revealed the degradation mechanism of TC by the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system， where Mn and Ce are the key elements to activating PAA. CH3C（O）OO•， •OH， and 1O2 were the main reactive species involved in TC degradation， with CH3C（O）OO• playing a primary role. Additionally， the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system was tested for its broad applicability in different real water bodies and against other refractory organic pollutants. Finally， the stability and reusability of the MnFe2O4@CeO2 composite materials were assessed. The magnetic MnFe2O4 loaded with CeO2 reduced the leaching of metal ions and exhibited good stability. After five cycles of reuse， the TC removal rate of the MnFe2O4@CeO2/PAA system remained at 86.9%.
2026, 44(1): 101-109.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601011
Abstract:
The wastewater resources utilization is a major national demand to solve the problem of water scarcity and water environmental pollution. It has been implemented in China for many years with great progress. Wastewater resources utilization can alleviate the water shortage， while also achieving resource and energy recovery， carbon reduction， and carbon neutrality. However， at present， the evaluation methods for wastewater resources technology are not unified in China， and the evaluation index system is not yet sound， which makes it difficult to support the rapid development of safe and efficient wastewater resources utilization. Faced with the demand for multidimensional evaluation of wastewater resources technology under the Dual Carbon Goals， this article summarized the current status of global wastewater resources technology evaluation， and innovatively constructed a scientific and reasonable evaluation index system for wastewater reclamation technology from four dimensions： technology， economy， environment， and low-carbon， by fully considering the concept of wastewater resources utilization in the future. Several secondary indicators were also set under each evaluation dimension to reflect its performance characteristics. In order to quantitatively evaluate and compare the implementation effects of wastewater reclamation technology， a four-dimensional comprehensive evaluation method based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process was proposed. Taking the wastewater reclamation technology of a certain reclaimed water plant in city A as an example， the specific process of using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for comprehensive evaluation was elaborated in detail. The results showed that the effluent quality and electricity consumption cost accounted for the largest proportion in the evaluation index system， at 14.16% and 14.11% respectively， and had the greatest impact on the comprehensive evaluation of wastewater reclamation technology. The next largest factors were drug consumption cost， pollutant removal rate， resource recovery amount， and energy recovery amount， all account for about 11%. The technical index， economic index， environmental index， and low-carbon index of this wastewater reclamation technology scored 42.51， 28.66， 6.04， and 5.54， respectively， with a comprehensive evaluation score of 82.75， indicating this wastewater reclamation technology is at a good level. In the future， the water plant needs to enhance the contribution to environmental and low-carbon indicators of this wastewater reclamation technology.
The wastewater resources utilization is a major national demand to solve the problem of water scarcity and water environmental pollution. It has been implemented in China for many years with great progress. Wastewater resources utilization can alleviate the water shortage， while also achieving resource and energy recovery， carbon reduction， and carbon neutrality. However， at present， the evaluation methods for wastewater resources technology are not unified in China， and the evaluation index system is not yet sound， which makes it difficult to support the rapid development of safe and efficient wastewater resources utilization. Faced with the demand for multidimensional evaluation of wastewater resources technology under the Dual Carbon Goals， this article summarized the current status of global wastewater resources technology evaluation， and innovatively constructed a scientific and reasonable evaluation index system for wastewater reclamation technology from four dimensions： technology， economy， environment， and low-carbon， by fully considering the concept of wastewater resources utilization in the future. Several secondary indicators were also set under each evaluation dimension to reflect its performance characteristics. In order to quantitatively evaluate and compare the implementation effects of wastewater reclamation technology， a four-dimensional comprehensive evaluation method based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process was proposed. Taking the wastewater reclamation technology of a certain reclaimed water plant in city A as an example， the specific process of using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for comprehensive evaluation was elaborated in detail. The results showed that the effluent quality and electricity consumption cost accounted for the largest proportion in the evaluation index system， at 14.16% and 14.11% respectively， and had the greatest impact on the comprehensive evaluation of wastewater reclamation technology. The next largest factors were drug consumption cost， pollutant removal rate， resource recovery amount， and energy recovery amount， all account for about 11%. The technical index， economic index， environmental index， and low-carbon index of this wastewater reclamation technology scored 42.51， 28.66， 6.04， and 5.54， respectively， with a comprehensive evaluation score of 82.75， indicating this wastewater reclamation technology is at a good level. In the future， the water plant needs to enhance the contribution to environmental and low-carbon indicators of this wastewater reclamation technology.
2026, 44(1): 110-119.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601012
Abstract:
As China's economy soars and urbanization accelerates， the inadequate sewage treatment infrastructure has resulted in a deteriorating urban water environment， particularly evident in water pollution. The southern coastal hilly regions face seasonal water scarcity， making ecological replenishment of rivers crucial. This study targeted the Longgang River watershed in these regions， utilizing reclaimed water and reservoir water for ecological replenishment. By integrating a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model with a reliability， resilience， and vulnerability （RRV） assessment framework， the study quantified the resilience enhancement from reclaimed water replenishment. The results revealed that after replenishment with reservoir water， river resilience improved consistently with reliability， with the latter demonstrating a more pronounced enhancement. Notably， uniform replenishment with non-potable reservoir water significantly boosted the resilience of less polluted rivers. Additionally， the resilience-enhancing effects of replenishment were more pronounced for chemical oxygen demand （COD） and ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N）， compared to total phosphorus （TP）. This study provides insights into optimizing water resource management strategies for resilient urban water environments.
As China's economy soars and urbanization accelerates， the inadequate sewage treatment infrastructure has resulted in a deteriorating urban water environment， particularly evident in water pollution. The southern coastal hilly regions face seasonal water scarcity， making ecological replenishment of rivers crucial. This study targeted the Longgang River watershed in these regions， utilizing reclaimed water and reservoir water for ecological replenishment. By integrating a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model with a reliability， resilience， and vulnerability （RRV） assessment framework， the study quantified the resilience enhancement from reclaimed water replenishment. The results revealed that after replenishment with reservoir water， river resilience improved consistently with reliability， with the latter demonstrating a more pronounced enhancement. Notably， uniform replenishment with non-potable reservoir water significantly boosted the resilience of less polluted rivers. Additionally， the resilience-enhancing effects of replenishment were more pronounced for chemical oxygen demand （COD） and ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N）， compared to total phosphorus （TP）. This study provides insights into optimizing water resource management strategies for resilient urban water environments.
2026, 44(1): 120-130.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601013
Abstract:
To analyze the pollution characteristics of rainwater runoff in mountainous cities， the concentrations of SS， COD， TN， TP， and Fe in rainwater on typical underlying surfaces such as roads， squares， and parking lots of Chongqing Yuelai National Expo Center were monitored. Based on the average concentration （EMC） of rainfall runoff and the cumulative runoff-cumulative pollutant load curve ［M（V）］， the water quality characteristics of rainwater runoff and the initial flush effect were analyzed， and the correlation between underlying surface， dry period before rain， rainfall intensity， and pollutant concentration was explored. The results showed that： 1） There were significant differences in the output of pollutants on the three types of underlying surfaces. The EMC mean values of SS， COD， TN， and TP in the parking lot （55， 67， 4.97， 0.23 mg/L） were significantly higher than those in the roads （47， 60， 2.41， 0.10 mg/L） and squares （42， 36， 3.16， 0.14 mg/L）， while the North Ring Road had a higher Fe concentration （0.47 mg/L） due to its dense traffic load. 2） The initial 30% runoff of the three types of underlying surfaces carried more than 50% of pollutants， and the initial flush effect was significantly stronger than that of plain cities. In particular， the flush ratios of SS and TN in parking lots reached 83% and 82%， respectively， indicating that the steep slope areas of mountain cities need to give priority to the control of initial rainwater； the flush effect increased with the increase of rainfall intensity and dry period before rain， but it was not obvious when the rainfall duration was short， discontinuous or the catchment area was large. 3） The concentration of runoff pollutants was positively correlated with the dry period before rain （r>0.52）， and negatively correlated with rainfall intensity （ρ<-0.06）. Under the condition of rainstorm， the concentration of TN in the north exhibition field increased rapidly to 63 mg/L （significantly higher than 34 mg/L under heavy rain）， due to the short-term strong erosion， indicating that terrain had a great influence on runoff water quality.
To analyze the pollution characteristics of rainwater runoff in mountainous cities， the concentrations of SS， COD， TN， TP， and Fe in rainwater on typical underlying surfaces such as roads， squares， and parking lots of Chongqing Yuelai National Expo Center were monitored. Based on the average concentration （EMC） of rainfall runoff and the cumulative runoff-cumulative pollutant load curve ［M（V）］， the water quality characteristics of rainwater runoff and the initial flush effect were analyzed， and the correlation between underlying surface， dry period before rain， rainfall intensity， and pollutant concentration was explored. The results showed that： 1） There were significant differences in the output of pollutants on the three types of underlying surfaces. The EMC mean values of SS， COD， TN， and TP in the parking lot （55， 67， 4.97， 0.23 mg/L） were significantly higher than those in the roads （47， 60， 2.41， 0.10 mg/L） and squares （42， 36， 3.16， 0.14 mg/L）， while the North Ring Road had a higher Fe concentration （0.47 mg/L） due to its dense traffic load. 2） The initial 30% runoff of the three types of underlying surfaces carried more than 50% of pollutants， and the initial flush effect was significantly stronger than that of plain cities. In particular， the flush ratios of SS and TN in parking lots reached 83% and 82%， respectively， indicating that the steep slope areas of mountain cities need to give priority to the control of initial rainwater； the flush effect increased with the increase of rainfall intensity and dry period before rain， but it was not obvious when the rainfall duration was short， discontinuous or the catchment area was large. 3） The concentration of runoff pollutants was positively correlated with the dry period before rain （r>0.52）， and negatively correlated with rainfall intensity （ρ<-0.06）. Under the condition of rainstorm， the concentration of TN in the north exhibition field increased rapidly to 63 mg/L （significantly higher than 34 mg/L under heavy rain）， due to the short-term strong erosion， indicating that terrain had a great influence on runoff water quality.
2026, 44(1): 131-140.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601014
Abstract:
The rapid development of urbanization， has a negatire effect on the urban ecological environment in certain areas. Consequently， the construction of sustainable ecological cities has become a critical issue. A combined approach of on-site experiments and numerical simulations was adopted. Firstly， simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to monitor and analyze key indicators of stormwater retention performance. Secondly， based on the actual engineering design parameters of a residential community in Nanning， SWMM software was used for simulation to explore the hydrological effects and drainage network efficiency under various conditions， including different rainfall recurrence periods， green roof coverage rates， and green roof distribution patterns. The optimal construction method for intensive green roofs to enhance stormwater retention in the study area was identified. The results indicated that intensive green roof coverage significantly improved the stormwater retention performance of the community， and the performance improvement tended to plateau when the coverage rate exceeded 80%. Uniformly distributed green roofs performed the best in reducing total runoff， whereas those distributed at intervals achieved optimal results in regulating peak runoff and alleviating pipeline overloads within the residential area. This study can help evaluate the stormwater retention performance of intensive green roofs in subtropical regions to optimize urban rainwater management strategies.
The rapid development of urbanization， has a negatire effect on the urban ecological environment in certain areas. Consequently， the construction of sustainable ecological cities has become a critical issue. A combined approach of on-site experiments and numerical simulations was adopted. Firstly， simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to monitor and analyze key indicators of stormwater retention performance. Secondly， based on the actual engineering design parameters of a residential community in Nanning， SWMM software was used for simulation to explore the hydrological effects and drainage network efficiency under various conditions， including different rainfall recurrence periods， green roof coverage rates， and green roof distribution patterns. The optimal construction method for intensive green roofs to enhance stormwater retention in the study area was identified. The results indicated that intensive green roof coverage significantly improved the stormwater retention performance of the community， and the performance improvement tended to plateau when the coverage rate exceeded 80%. Uniformly distributed green roofs performed the best in reducing total runoff， whereas those distributed at intervals achieved optimal results in regulating peak runoff and alleviating pipeline overloads within the residential area. This study can help evaluate the stormwater retention performance of intensive green roofs in subtropical regions to optimize urban rainwater management strategies.
2026, 44(1): 141-148.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601015
Abstract:
Analyzing the production-emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in key industries is the basis for promoting the green upgrading of the industry and winning the Battle Against Air pollution. This study conducted an investigation and research on the sub-industry of chemical medicine preparation manufacturing in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Beijing. Taking VOCs production-emission as the main line， the whole chain of the production process， VOCs-related raw and auxiliary materials， and VOCs waste gas collection and treatment were investigated and sorted out. The production volume， emission， and production-emission coefficient of VOCs in the sub-industry were studied and calculated. The results showed that the process units producing VOCs in the chemical medicine preparation manufacturing industry were concentrated in the wet granulation， drying， and coating process units of solid preparations， and the dissolution/concentration， filling， and lyophilization process units of liquid preparations. The amount of VOCs raw and auxiliary materials used in the chemical medicine preparation manufacturing industry in Beijing was approximately 1500 tons. The types of VOCs raw and auxiliary materials were mainly ethanol， isopropyl alcohol， and acetone. The amount of VOCs raw and auxiliary materials used in the coating process unit was the largest， accounting for 30.48%. The end treatment of VOCs was mostly by a single activated carbon adsorption method， accounting for 67.1%. Based on product output，output value， and the number of enterprises，VOCs production coefficients for the chemical medicine preparation manufacturing industry were 30.40 tons/ten thousand tons， 2.56 tons/hundred million yuan， and 8.43 tons per enterprise， respectively. Through the material balance calculation， VOCs emission coefficients were 23.75 tons/ten thousand tons， 2.00 tons/hundred million yuan， and 6.59 tons per enterprise， respectively. The study comprehensively analyzed the characteristics and coefficients of VOCs production and emission in the chemical medicine preparation manufacturing industry. It can provide theoretical support for the pollution prevention and fine control of VOCs in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Beijing.
Analyzing the production-emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in key industries is the basis for promoting the green upgrading of the industry and winning the Battle Against Air pollution. This study conducted an investigation and research on the sub-industry of chemical medicine preparation manufacturing in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Beijing. Taking VOCs production-emission as the main line， the whole chain of the production process， VOCs-related raw and auxiliary materials， and VOCs waste gas collection and treatment were investigated and sorted out. The production volume， emission， and production-emission coefficient of VOCs in the sub-industry were studied and calculated. The results showed that the process units producing VOCs in the chemical medicine preparation manufacturing industry were concentrated in the wet granulation， drying， and coating process units of solid preparations， and the dissolution/concentration， filling， and lyophilization process units of liquid preparations. The amount of VOCs raw and auxiliary materials used in the chemical medicine preparation manufacturing industry in Beijing was approximately 1500 tons. The types of VOCs raw and auxiliary materials were mainly ethanol， isopropyl alcohol， and acetone. The amount of VOCs raw and auxiliary materials used in the coating process unit was the largest， accounting for 30.48%. The end treatment of VOCs was mostly by a single activated carbon adsorption method， accounting for 67.1%. Based on product output，output value， and the number of enterprises，VOCs production coefficients for the chemical medicine preparation manufacturing industry were 30.40 tons/ten thousand tons， 2.56 tons/hundred million yuan， and 8.43 tons per enterprise， respectively. Through the material balance calculation， VOCs emission coefficients were 23.75 tons/ten thousand tons， 2.00 tons/hundred million yuan， and 6.59 tons per enterprise， respectively. The study comprehensively analyzed the characteristics and coefficients of VOCs production and emission in the chemical medicine preparation manufacturing industry. It can provide theoretical support for the pollution prevention and fine control of VOCs in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Beijing.
2026, 44(1): 149-157.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601016
Abstract:
To study the electrical characteristics and particle transport behaviors of a wire-plate electrostatic precipitator， the open-source software OpenFOAM was applied to solve the Maxwell equations， continuity equations， momentum equations， particle charge-motion equations， and to investigate the effects of charged particles in the cases of different particle concentrations on the electric field， flow field， and particle behaviors in the electrostatic precipitator. The numerical results showed that the spatial charge effect of particles broke the law of symmetrical distribution of electric field strength， ionic charge density， and electric field force， and the greater the particle concentration， the stronger the asymmetry of the electric field. When the particle concentration increased from 0 mg/m3 to 500 mg/m3， the electric field intensity near the corona wire decreased from 1.4×106 V/m to 1.31×106 V/m， and the electric field intensity near the grounded plate toward the first corona wire increased from 7.5×105 V/m to 8.7×105 V/m. The ionic charge density decreased with the increase in particle concentration. The increase in particle concentration led to a decrease in the electric field force near the corona wire and an increase in the electric field force near the plate， which had a promoting effect on the velocity of the air along the main flow direction. The increase in particle concentration also led to the phenomenon that the particle trajectories in the electrostatic precipitator shifted to the central axis. The movement of small particles was significantly affected by turbulent flow， and the trajectories of particles less than 5 µm bifurcated obviously in the case of turbulent flow.
To study the electrical characteristics and particle transport behaviors of a wire-plate electrostatic precipitator， the open-source software OpenFOAM was applied to solve the Maxwell equations， continuity equations， momentum equations， particle charge-motion equations， and to investigate the effects of charged particles in the cases of different particle concentrations on the electric field， flow field， and particle behaviors in the electrostatic precipitator. The numerical results showed that the spatial charge effect of particles broke the law of symmetrical distribution of electric field strength， ionic charge density， and electric field force， and the greater the particle concentration， the stronger the asymmetry of the electric field. When the particle concentration increased from 0 mg/m3 to 500 mg/m3， the electric field intensity near the corona wire decreased from 1.4×106 V/m to 1.31×106 V/m， and the electric field intensity near the grounded plate toward the first corona wire increased from 7.5×105 V/m to 8.7×105 V/m. The ionic charge density decreased with the increase in particle concentration. The increase in particle concentration led to a decrease in the electric field force near the corona wire and an increase in the electric field force near the plate， which had a promoting effect on the velocity of the air along the main flow direction. The increase in particle concentration also led to the phenomenon that the particle trajectories in the electrostatic precipitator shifted to the central axis. The movement of small particles was significantly affected by turbulent flow， and the trajectories of particles less than 5 µm bifurcated obviously in the case of turbulent flow.
2026, 44(1): 158-167.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601017
Abstract:
Based on the findings from the 2024 Central Ecological and Environmental Inspection Team's report on construction and demolition waste （CDW） issues in seven provinces （municipalities）， this study examines the key challenges in China's current CDW management and recycling practices. Major problems identified include the lack of comprehensive governance planning， insufficient waste disposal capacity， and inadequate regulatory oversight， which have led to persistent illegal dumping and improper disposal， negatively impacting the ecological environment. The analysis reveals four primary causes： 1） the fluctuating generation and spatiotemporal variability of CDW composition； 2） difficulties in interdepartmental and cross-regional coordination due to incomplete regulatory mechanisms； 3） the absence of comprehensive and effective monitoring methods； 4） limited market outlets for recycled products， which result in financial difficulties for recycling enterprises. From a holistic CDW management perspective， this paper proposes systematic solutions， including： developing specialized CDW governance plans， enhancing source reduction and classification， implementing integrated sky-ground-space monitoring technologies for full-process supervision， and establishing a diversified resource utilization system for various types of solid waste. Additionally， the study emphasizes the need to properly recognize both the polluting and resource attributes of soil-based construction waste， advocating for a balanced approach that prioritizes both disposal and resource recovery.
Based on the findings from the 2024 Central Ecological and Environmental Inspection Team's report on construction and demolition waste （CDW） issues in seven provinces （municipalities）， this study examines the key challenges in China's current CDW management and recycling practices. Major problems identified include the lack of comprehensive governance planning， insufficient waste disposal capacity， and inadequate regulatory oversight， which have led to persistent illegal dumping and improper disposal， negatively impacting the ecological environment. The analysis reveals four primary causes： 1） the fluctuating generation and spatiotemporal variability of CDW composition； 2） difficulties in interdepartmental and cross-regional coordination due to incomplete regulatory mechanisms； 3） the absence of comprehensive and effective monitoring methods； 4） limited market outlets for recycled products， which result in financial difficulties for recycling enterprises. From a holistic CDW management perspective， this paper proposes systematic solutions， including： developing specialized CDW governance plans， enhancing source reduction and classification， implementing integrated sky-ground-space monitoring technologies for full-process supervision， and establishing a diversified resource utilization system for various types of solid waste. Additionally， the study emphasizes the need to properly recognize both the polluting and resource attributes of soil-based construction waste， advocating for a balanced approach that prioritizes both disposal and resource recovery.
2026, 44(1): 168-176.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601018
Abstract:
The efficient resource utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes is crucial for eco-environmental protection， biomass resource conservation， and green low-carbon sustainable development. This topic has attracted considerable attention from both scientific community and industry worldwide. The preparation of advanced environmental functional materials from these wastes， which possess distinctive natural structures and properties， represents a promising and rapidly expanding area of research with significant potential， especially in water treatment. This review article systematically summarizes the current status and progress in the construction and preparation of water treatment functional materials using agricultural and forestry wastes， based on an analysis of global literature. The review covers various techniques for the pretreatment and modification of waste biomass， including mechanical， physical， chemical， thermochemical and biological methods. It then delves into the research achievements in fields such as biochar， adsorption and flocculation， photocatalysis and advanced oxidation， water environmental ecosystem remediation and novel separation membranes. Special emphasis is placed on the selection of waste feedstocks， material preparation strategies and methods， application approaches and pollutants removal effectiveness. Finally， the review addresses the current challenges and important future research directions， including a deeper understanding of agricultural and forestry biomass， better green pretreatment technology， development of bio-inspired and intelligent responsive materials， as well as innovations in reactor design and operational processes tailored to biomass-based materials. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights and a roadmap for sustainable utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes in environmental field.
The efficient resource utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes is crucial for eco-environmental protection， biomass resource conservation， and green low-carbon sustainable development. This topic has attracted considerable attention from both scientific community and industry worldwide. The preparation of advanced environmental functional materials from these wastes， which possess distinctive natural structures and properties， represents a promising and rapidly expanding area of research with significant potential， especially in water treatment. This review article systematically summarizes the current status and progress in the construction and preparation of water treatment functional materials using agricultural and forestry wastes， based on an analysis of global literature. The review covers various techniques for the pretreatment and modification of waste biomass， including mechanical， physical， chemical， thermochemical and biological methods. It then delves into the research achievements in fields such as biochar， adsorption and flocculation， photocatalysis and advanced oxidation， water environmental ecosystem remediation and novel separation membranes. Special emphasis is placed on the selection of waste feedstocks， material preparation strategies and methods， application approaches and pollutants removal effectiveness. Finally， the review addresses the current challenges and important future research directions， including a deeper understanding of agricultural and forestry biomass， better green pretreatment technology， development of bio-inspired and intelligent responsive materials， as well as innovations in reactor design and operational processes tailored to biomass-based materials. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights and a roadmap for sustainable utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes in environmental field.
2026, 44(1): 177-186.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601019
Abstract:
The annual production of steel slag in China exceeds 100 million tons， with a low comprehensive utilization rate. The accumulated residual storage exceeds 1 billion tons， and the large amount of storage poses a big threat to the surrounding ecological environment. At present， researchers mainly focuses on the resource utilization methods of steel slag， and there has been little research on environmental safety issues of large amounts of residual steel slag. This article provided a detailed introduction to the properties and characteristics of steel slag from the perspectives of its composition， structure， and pollution characteristics. Multiple typical steel slag storage sites in the northern and southern China were selected for pollution characteristics analysis and environmental hazard assessment. Based on the pollution characteristics and utilization status of the steel slag storage sites， comprehensive management suggestions for environmental risk control and utilization of steel slag were proposed. This article can provide technical references for the management of legacy steel slag storage sites and a reliable basis for the management of bulk industrial solid waste.
The annual production of steel slag in China exceeds 100 million tons， with a low comprehensive utilization rate. The accumulated residual storage exceeds 1 billion tons， and the large amount of storage poses a big threat to the surrounding ecological environment. At present， researchers mainly focuses on the resource utilization methods of steel slag， and there has been little research on environmental safety issues of large amounts of residual steel slag. This article provided a detailed introduction to the properties and characteristics of steel slag from the perspectives of its composition， structure， and pollution characteristics. Multiple typical steel slag storage sites in the northern and southern China were selected for pollution characteristics analysis and environmental hazard assessment. Based on the pollution characteristics and utilization status of the steel slag storage sites， comprehensive management suggestions for environmental risk control and utilization of steel slag were proposed. This article can provide technical references for the management of legacy steel slag storage sites and a reliable basis for the management of bulk industrial solid waste.
2026, 44(1): 187-196.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601020
Abstract:
To effectively address the issue of heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems， this study employed food waste （FW） as the raw material to produce food waste biochar （FWB） through pyrolytic carbonization. The adsorption performance of FWB for Cu2+， Zn2+， and Pb2+ was examined. In a single-metal system， the adsorption capacities of FWB for Cu2+， Zn2+， and Pb2+ were 40.283 mg/g， 37.082 mg/g， and 51.565 mg/g， respectively. Compared with the single heavy metal system， the adsorption performance of FWB was found diminished in the multi-metal system， which was attributed to the competitive adsorption reaction between the ions. The order of adsorption preference of FWB for the heavy metals was determined to be Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Zn2+. Based on the aforementioned characterization， the adsorption mechanism of FWB for the three heavy metals was inferred to include complexation with oxygen‑containing functional groups， ion exchange， and carbonate precipitation. Notably， the adsorption mechanism of Ca in FWB for Cu2+ differed from that for the other two heavy metals： Ca complexed with Cu2+ to form a Cu-containing precipitation structure， whereas ion exchange primarily occurred between Ca and Zn2+ and Pb2+.
To effectively address the issue of heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems， this study employed food waste （FW） as the raw material to produce food waste biochar （FWB） through pyrolytic carbonization. The adsorption performance of FWB for Cu2+， Zn2+， and Pb2+ was examined. In a single-metal system， the adsorption capacities of FWB for Cu2+， Zn2+， and Pb2+ were 40.283 mg/g， 37.082 mg/g， and 51.565 mg/g， respectively. Compared with the single heavy metal system， the adsorption performance of FWB was found diminished in the multi-metal system， which was attributed to the competitive adsorption reaction between the ions. The order of adsorption preference of FWB for the heavy metals was determined to be Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Zn2+. Based on the aforementioned characterization， the adsorption mechanism of FWB for the three heavy metals was inferred to include complexation with oxygen‑containing functional groups， ion exchange， and carbonate precipitation. Notably， the adsorption mechanism of Ca in FWB for Cu2+ differed from that for the other two heavy metals： Ca complexed with Cu2+ to form a Cu-containing precipitation structure， whereas ion exchange primarily occurred between Ca and Zn2+ and Pb2+.
2026, 44(1): 197-205.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601021
Abstract:
To understand the contamination of heavy metals in the recycling process of e-waste and the health risks， dust samples from different workshops of a qualified e-waste treatment enterprise in Shanghai were collected， the content of Pb， Sb and Cd was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）， and human gastrointestinal evaluation of bioaccessibility was simulated by physiological extraction experiments （PBET method）， and the health risks of heavy metals were evaluated. It was found that Pb content was highest in the dismantling workshop （654 mg/kg）， and Sd and Cd content were higher in the plastic crushing workshop （118 mg/kg and 4.09 mg/kg）， respectively. Morphological results showed that Cd was mainly in the carbonate-bound state， Pb in the Fe-Mn oxidation state， and Sb in the residue state. The terpolymer phase diagram and morphological bioaccessibility indicated that Pb and Cd were active and potentially risky， and Sb was stable. The bioaccessibility of gastrointestinal fluid showed that Pb and Cd were higher in the gastric phase than in the intestinal phase. At the same time， Sd was more available in the intestinal phase than in the gastric phase. Correlation analysis revealed that the bioaccessibility of heavy metals in gastrointestinal fluid was associated with their metal morphology. The results of risk assessment showed that dust mainly entered the human body through oral ingestion. Pb was the main metal causing non-carcinogenicity of dust in the dismantling workshop， Sb was the main metal causing non-carcinogenicity of dust in the crushing workshop and plastic crushing dust， and the carcinogenicity of Cd was within the acceptable range for all three kinds of dust. Further research should pay attention to the health risks of other heavy metals in dust.
To understand the contamination of heavy metals in the recycling process of e-waste and the health risks， dust samples from different workshops of a qualified e-waste treatment enterprise in Shanghai were collected， the content of Pb， Sb and Cd was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）， and human gastrointestinal evaluation of bioaccessibility was simulated by physiological extraction experiments （PBET method）， and the health risks of heavy metals were evaluated. It was found that Pb content was highest in the dismantling workshop （654 mg/kg）， and Sd and Cd content were higher in the plastic crushing workshop （118 mg/kg and 4.09 mg/kg）， respectively. Morphological results showed that Cd was mainly in the carbonate-bound state， Pb in the Fe-Mn oxidation state， and Sb in the residue state. The terpolymer phase diagram and morphological bioaccessibility indicated that Pb and Cd were active and potentially risky， and Sb was stable. The bioaccessibility of gastrointestinal fluid showed that Pb and Cd were higher in the gastric phase than in the intestinal phase. At the same time， Sd was more available in the intestinal phase than in the gastric phase. Correlation analysis revealed that the bioaccessibility of heavy metals in gastrointestinal fluid was associated with their metal morphology. The results of risk assessment showed that dust mainly entered the human body through oral ingestion. Pb was the main metal causing non-carcinogenicity of dust in the dismantling workshop， Sb was the main metal causing non-carcinogenicity of dust in the crushing workshop and plastic crushing dust， and the carcinogenicity of Cd was within the acceptable range for all three kinds of dust. Further research should pay attention to the health risks of other heavy metals in dust.
2026, 44(1): 206-215.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601022
Abstract:
The popularization and application of low-carbon high performance recycled aggregate concrete （LC-HPRAC） prepared from industrial waste residue and building recycled concrete aggregate align with the requirements of China's Double Carbon Goals. Based on the life cycle assessment （LCA） method， the environmental and economic effect of LC-HPRAC with various steel fiber （SF） contents and recycled aggregate （RA） replacement rates were quantified， and a range analysis and factorial method was used to analyze the significance of each index， with the mechanical properties， environmental impact and economy of LC-HPRAC materials taken into consideration comprehensively. The results showed that the carbon emission of Portland cement-based plain concrete was 426 kg CO2-eq/m3， and the carbon emission of LC-HPRAC was only 42% of that of plain concrete. The environmental impact of LC-HPRAC mainly came from alkali-activator， steel fiber and slag in the raw material production stage， accounting for more than 60% totally. The environmental impact of LC-HPRAC was mainly attributed to the Global Warming Potential， accounting for over 45%， among which， the carbon emission was the main factor. The environmental and economic comprehensive impact indexes of LC-HPRAC were generally positively correlated with the recycled aggregate replacement rate and steel fiber content. When the steel fiber content was 0.5% and recycled aggregate replacement rate was 50%， the environmental and economic comprehensive effect of LC-HPRAC were optimal.
The popularization and application of low-carbon high performance recycled aggregate concrete （LC-HPRAC） prepared from industrial waste residue and building recycled concrete aggregate align with the requirements of China's Double Carbon Goals. Based on the life cycle assessment （LCA） method， the environmental and economic effect of LC-HPRAC with various steel fiber （SF） contents and recycled aggregate （RA） replacement rates were quantified， and a range analysis and factorial method was used to analyze the significance of each index， with the mechanical properties， environmental impact and economy of LC-HPRAC materials taken into consideration comprehensively. The results showed that the carbon emission of Portland cement-based plain concrete was 426 kg CO2-eq/m3， and the carbon emission of LC-HPRAC was only 42% of that of plain concrete. The environmental impact of LC-HPRAC mainly came from alkali-activator， steel fiber and slag in the raw material production stage， accounting for more than 60% totally. The environmental impact of LC-HPRAC was mainly attributed to the Global Warming Potential， accounting for over 45%， among which， the carbon emission was the main factor. The environmental and economic comprehensive impact indexes of LC-HPRAC were generally positively correlated with the recycled aggregate replacement rate and steel fiber content. When the steel fiber content was 0.5% and recycled aggregate replacement rate was 50%， the environmental and economic comprehensive effect of LC-HPRAC were optimal.
2026, 44(1): 216-225.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601023
Abstract:
As a complex and vital biogeochemical process in nature， the Fe-N cycle not only influences the nitrogen balance within ecosystems but also has profound impact on global climate change and biodiversity. Nitrate-dependent ferrous oxidation （NDFO） and ferric ammonia oxidation （Feammox） are microbiologically driven nitrogen cycling processes involving iron. The cycling of these two processes can enhance nitrogen loss to a certain extent while also help to alleviate environmental pollution caused by excessive nitrogen emissions. This paper reviews the microbial-mediated iron-nitrogen cycle in ecosystems， summarizing its metabolic mechanisms and detailing the environmental conditions required for the survival of functional microorganisms and their research applications. These microbial processes play crucial roles in both natural environments and agroecosystems， maintaining ecosystem health and stability. Strengthening scientific research in this area not only contributes to a better understanding of the material cycling laws in Earth's surface systems but also provides new ideas and methods for addressing many of the environmental challenges currently faced.
As a complex and vital biogeochemical process in nature， the Fe-N cycle not only influences the nitrogen balance within ecosystems but also has profound impact on global climate change and biodiversity. Nitrate-dependent ferrous oxidation （NDFO） and ferric ammonia oxidation （Feammox） are microbiologically driven nitrogen cycling processes involving iron. The cycling of these two processes can enhance nitrogen loss to a certain extent while also help to alleviate environmental pollution caused by excessive nitrogen emissions. This paper reviews the microbial-mediated iron-nitrogen cycle in ecosystems， summarizing its metabolic mechanisms and detailing the environmental conditions required for the survival of functional microorganisms and their research applications. These microbial processes play crucial roles in both natural environments and agroecosystems， maintaining ecosystem health and stability. Strengthening scientific research in this area not only contributes to a better understanding of the material cycling laws in Earth's surface systems but also provides new ideas and methods for addressing many of the environmental challenges currently faced.
2026, 44(1): 226-237.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601024
Abstract:
Utilizing data analogous to NPP/VIIRS in conjunction with MOD17A3HGF v061 Net Primary Productivity （NPP） data， this study calculated county-level carbon emissions and carbon sequestration in Jiangxi Province from 2007 to 2022. It further investigated the spatiotemporal variations in carbon emissions and identified the characteristic factors， while also analyzed the impact of geographical location， economic status， and industrial structure on the spatiotemporal patterns and characteristic elements of carbon emissions across districts， counties， and cities. The research findings were as follows： 1） A strong correlation （R2=0.8477） was found between nighttime light data and carbon emissions， enabling county-level estimation through inversion. Additionally， a high correlation （R2=0.9423） was observed between the simulated carbon emissions and statistical values. When compared with the China Emission Accounts and Datasets （CEADs）， the variation rate of carbon sequestration was within ±0.5%， meeting the accuracy requirements. 2） County-level carbon emissions in Jiangxi Province exhibited an overall increasing trend， radiating outward from prefectural-level cities with decreasing intensity. Carbon sequestration， on the other hand， showed a fluctuating growth trend. The annual growth rate of carbon emissions was 5.05%， while the annual growth rate of carbon sequestration was only 0.06%. However， the overall trend still indicated a significant net carbon sequestration area， with consistent and stable trends in net carbon emissions and carbon sequestration. 3） The findings demonstrate that rational planning of Jiangxi Province's integrated development and industrial layout， coupled with industrial upgrading and low-carbon transition， crucially accelerates the attainment of its dual carbon objectives.
Utilizing data analogous to NPP/VIIRS in conjunction with MOD17A3HGF v061 Net Primary Productivity （NPP） data， this study calculated county-level carbon emissions and carbon sequestration in Jiangxi Province from 2007 to 2022. It further investigated the spatiotemporal variations in carbon emissions and identified the characteristic factors， while also analyzed the impact of geographical location， economic status， and industrial structure on the spatiotemporal patterns and characteristic elements of carbon emissions across districts， counties， and cities. The research findings were as follows： 1） A strong correlation （R2=0.8477） was found between nighttime light data and carbon emissions， enabling county-level estimation through inversion. Additionally， a high correlation （R2=0.9423） was observed between the simulated carbon emissions and statistical values. When compared with the China Emission Accounts and Datasets （CEADs）， the variation rate of carbon sequestration was within ±0.5%， meeting the accuracy requirements. 2） County-level carbon emissions in Jiangxi Province exhibited an overall increasing trend， radiating outward from prefectural-level cities with decreasing intensity. Carbon sequestration， on the other hand， showed a fluctuating growth trend. The annual growth rate of carbon emissions was 5.05%， while the annual growth rate of carbon sequestration was only 0.06%. However， the overall trend still indicated a significant net carbon sequestration area， with consistent and stable trends in net carbon emissions and carbon sequestration. 3） The findings demonstrate that rational planning of Jiangxi Province's integrated development and industrial layout， coupled with industrial upgrading and low-carbon transition， crucially accelerates the attainment of its dual carbon objectives.
2026, 44(1): 238-246.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601025
Abstract:
As an energy-intensive industry， the liquor industry's carbon emissions reduction path is of considerable importance for achieving the Double Carbon Goals. This paper took the liquor industrial park in Xinghuacun Economic Development Zone， Fenyang， Shanxi Province as the research object， adopted the analysis and prediction model combining top-down and bottom-up， took overall consideration of economic development and energy demand， and set three scenarios： trend as usual scenario， low-carbon scenario and strong low-carbon scenario， and forecasted the energy consumption and carbon emissions of the economic development zone from 2020 to 2035. The result showed that in 2020， the total energy consumption of the park was equivalent to approximately 134，000 tons of standard coal， with a total carbon emission of about 371，500 tons. Natural gas and electricity consumption accounted for a large proportion， indicating a high dependence on traditional fossil fuels. Under the business-as-usual scenario， by 2035， the carbon dioxide emissions of the park will reach 1，298，000 tons， with no significant change in the energy structure， which remains dominated by fossil fuels. Under the low-carbon scenario， by 2035， the carbon dioxide emissions will be around 496，000 tons， with an optimized energy structure and significant improvements in both economic viability and environmental protection. Under the strong low-carbon scenario， by 2035， the carbon dioxide emissions will be approximately 427，000 tons， with a notable carbon reduction effect， although the implementation difficulty is relatively high. Taking all factors into consideration， it is recommended that the Economic Development Zone adopt a low-carbon energy architecture scheme， with gas security as the main focus， promote the application of energy-saving and efficiency-enhancing technologies such as waste heat recovery， and gradually achieve electrification. The research aims to provide a scientific basis and feasible path for the low-carbon transformation of liquor industrial parks under the Double Carbon Goals， and help the liquor industry achieve sustainable development.
As an energy-intensive industry， the liquor industry's carbon emissions reduction path is of considerable importance for achieving the Double Carbon Goals. This paper took the liquor industrial park in Xinghuacun Economic Development Zone， Fenyang， Shanxi Province as the research object， adopted the analysis and prediction model combining top-down and bottom-up， took overall consideration of economic development and energy demand， and set three scenarios： trend as usual scenario， low-carbon scenario and strong low-carbon scenario， and forecasted the energy consumption and carbon emissions of the economic development zone from 2020 to 2035. The result showed that in 2020， the total energy consumption of the park was equivalent to approximately 134，000 tons of standard coal， with a total carbon emission of about 371，500 tons. Natural gas and electricity consumption accounted for a large proportion， indicating a high dependence on traditional fossil fuels. Under the business-as-usual scenario， by 2035， the carbon dioxide emissions of the park will reach 1，298，000 tons， with no significant change in the energy structure， which remains dominated by fossil fuels. Under the low-carbon scenario， by 2035， the carbon dioxide emissions will be around 496，000 tons， with an optimized energy structure and significant improvements in both economic viability and environmental protection. Under the strong low-carbon scenario， by 2035， the carbon dioxide emissions will be approximately 427，000 tons， with a notable carbon reduction effect， although the implementation difficulty is relatively high. Taking all factors into consideration， it is recommended that the Economic Development Zone adopt a low-carbon energy architecture scheme， with gas security as the main focus， promote the application of energy-saving and efficiency-enhancing technologies such as waste heat recovery， and gradually achieve electrification. The research aims to provide a scientific basis and feasible path for the low-carbon transformation of liquor industrial parks under the Double Carbon Goals， and help the liquor industry achieve sustainable development.
2026, 44(1): 247-258.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202601026
Abstract:
With the rapid growth of the phosphorus chemical industry， the accompanying generation of phosphogypsum and phosphorous tailings presents significant environmental challenges. These materials are industrial by-products produced during phosphorus processing and characterized by their large volumes and low resource utilization rates. Addressing how to effectively and safely utilize these waste materials is critical for the sustainable development of phosphorus chemical enterprises. This paper focused on artificial land creation in severely degraded and desertified areas where these materials generally cannot be employed. We investigated the impact of different land reclamation methods on water quality indicators， including total nitrogen （TN）， total phosphorus （TP）， fluoride （F-）， and heavy metals such as lead （Pb）， cadmium （Cd）， and arsenic （As），to evaluate the potential for environmental pollution resulting from these treatments. The findings revealed that modified phosphogypsum treatment was the most effective in reducing TN and TP concentrations， surpassing the results obtained from phosphorous tailings. Furthermore， the layered processing technique proved to be more advantageous than the integrated approach， suggesting that stratification of materials can enhance the treatment efficacy. In terms of fluoride concentrations， modified phosphogypsum consistently showed higher levels than those treated with phosphorous tailings； however， the fluoride levels from phosphorous tailings met the Surface Water Environmental Standard， and Class I of Groundwater Environmental Standard（≤1 mg/L）. When examining heavy metal concentrations， all levels from modified phosphogypsum treatments remained below the Class IV surface water quality standards and Class III groundwater quality thresholds， indicating a relatively lower risk of environmental contamination. Risk assessments further illustrated that the modified phosphogypsum treatment posed no pollution risk， while treatments involving phosphorous tailings led to minor pollution concerns. In stark contrast， the control samples exhibited moderate pollution with elevated pollution indices. By developing and implementing effective methods for reclaiming and utilizing phosphogypsum and phosphorous tailings， we can contribute to more sustainable practices in the phosphorus chemical sector. The successful application of modified phosphogypsum and phosphorous tailings for land creation could serve as a model for similar initiatives in other sectors generating significant industrial waste.
With the rapid growth of the phosphorus chemical industry， the accompanying generation of phosphogypsum and phosphorous tailings presents significant environmental challenges. These materials are industrial by-products produced during phosphorus processing and characterized by their large volumes and low resource utilization rates. Addressing how to effectively and safely utilize these waste materials is critical for the sustainable development of phosphorus chemical enterprises. This paper focused on artificial land creation in severely degraded and desertified areas where these materials generally cannot be employed. We investigated the impact of different land reclamation methods on water quality indicators， including total nitrogen （TN）， total phosphorus （TP）， fluoride （F-）， and heavy metals such as lead （Pb）， cadmium （Cd）， and arsenic （As），to evaluate the potential for environmental pollution resulting from these treatments. The findings revealed that modified phosphogypsum treatment was the most effective in reducing TN and TP concentrations， surpassing the results obtained from phosphorous tailings. Furthermore， the layered processing technique proved to be more advantageous than the integrated approach， suggesting that stratification of materials can enhance the treatment efficacy. In terms of fluoride concentrations， modified phosphogypsum consistently showed higher levels than those treated with phosphorous tailings； however， the fluoride levels from phosphorous tailings met the Surface Water Environmental Standard， and Class I of Groundwater Environmental Standard（≤1 mg/L）. When examining heavy metal concentrations， all levels from modified phosphogypsum treatments remained below the Class IV surface water quality standards and Class III groundwater quality thresholds， indicating a relatively lower risk of environmental contamination. Risk assessments further illustrated that the modified phosphogypsum treatment posed no pollution risk， while treatments involving phosphorous tailings led to minor pollution concerns. In stark contrast， the control samples exhibited moderate pollution with elevated pollution indices. By developing and implementing effective methods for reclaiming and utilizing phosphogypsum and phosphorous tailings， we can contribute to more sustainable practices in the phosphorus chemical sector. The successful application of modified phosphogypsum and phosphorous tailings for land creation could serve as a model for similar initiatives in other sectors generating significant industrial waste.
