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2025, Volume 43, Issue 7
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2025,
43(7):
1-9.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507001
Abstract:
With the rapid advancement of urbanization， the upgrading and optimizing of the drainage system， and the implementation of integrated comprehensive water environment governance， incorporating source control， network systems， treatment plants， and river management， the production of urban multi-source sludge has significantly increased， presenting severe challenges for its scientific treatment and disposal. The paper delves into the characteristics of sludge from various origins， including municipal sewage sludge， pipeline sediments， and riverbed sediments， each with distinct physical and chemical properties. It also examines the carbon emission challenges associated with these different types of sludge. In response to the Dual Carbon goals， the paper proposes tiered utilization pathways for both organic and inorganic components in multi-source sludge. These pathways aim to optimize the use of resources contained within the sludge， turning waste into valuable assets. The emphasis on technological innovation underscores the need to reduce energy consumption and material usage while effectively controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Innovations in sludge treatment technology can lead to more efficient resource substitution， minimizing reliance on non-renewable resources. Additionally，the paper highlights the importance of adopting a systematic approach to address the complexities of sludge management. This involves exploring diversified collaborative models and carbon reduction strategies that go beyond traditional boundaries， including the synergy among multiple materials， upstream-downstream integration， and cross-industry collaboration， aiming to realize deeper carbon emission reduction across a broader scope.
With the rapid advancement of urbanization， the upgrading and optimizing of the drainage system， and the implementation of integrated comprehensive water environment governance， incorporating source control， network systems， treatment plants， and river management， the production of urban multi-source sludge has significantly increased， presenting severe challenges for its scientific treatment and disposal. The paper delves into the characteristics of sludge from various origins， including municipal sewage sludge， pipeline sediments， and riverbed sediments， each with distinct physical and chemical properties. It also examines the carbon emission challenges associated with these different types of sludge. In response to the Dual Carbon goals， the paper proposes tiered utilization pathways for both organic and inorganic components in multi-source sludge. These pathways aim to optimize the use of resources contained within the sludge， turning waste into valuable assets. The emphasis on technological innovation underscores the need to reduce energy consumption and material usage while effectively controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Innovations in sludge treatment technology can lead to more efficient resource substitution， minimizing reliance on non-renewable resources. Additionally，the paper highlights the importance of adopting a systematic approach to address the complexities of sludge management. This involves exploring diversified collaborative models and carbon reduction strategies that go beyond traditional boundaries， including the synergy among multiple materials， upstream-downstream integration， and cross-industry collaboration， aiming to realize deeper carbon emission reduction across a broader scope.
2025,
43(7):
10-17.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507002
Abstract:
A technical route for the coupled treatment of stainless steel pickling sludge based on mass-energy coupling is proposed in this paper. This process features a groundbreaking technical route， which can synergistically recover energy and resources from argon-oxygen decarburization （AOD） slag and carry out eco-friendly detoxification of hazardous pickling sludge. Through systematic laboratory experiments， combined with computational thermodynamics modeling and SEM - EDS analysis， the migration modes and phase transformation mechanisms of key elements（such as S， Cr， and Fe） in the molten AOD slag-sludge mixed system were studied. The results showed that during the pretreatment stage of carbon-containing pickling sludge particles， the risk of sulfur pollution was effectively suppressed， and no sulfur-containing gas emission was detected. Subsequently， in the thermal reduction stage in the AOD slag bath （operating temperature：1550℃）， the distribution ratio of sulfur in the gas phase was 0.55%， and the sulfur fixation rate in the slag phase reached 99.68% through the formation of stable sulfides. The recovery rate of high-value metal components mainly composed of Fe-Cr alloy was approximately 90%. The basic mechanism analysis revealed a multi-stage reaction pathway： the redox transformation within the particles involved sulfate reduction （CaSO4→CaS）， spinel crystallization （formation of FeCr2O4）， and coarsening of metal particles （Fe—Cr—C）. The interfacial interactions during the slag dissolution process promoted the complex reconstruction of MgCr2O4 spinel while enabling the thermodynamically stable encapsulation of CaS in the slag matrix. This study lays a theoretical and technical foundation for the industrial-scale implementation of the energy-coupled co-processing system and presents a paradigm shift for the stainless steel manufacturing industry towards a circular economy.
A technical route for the coupled treatment of stainless steel pickling sludge based on mass-energy coupling is proposed in this paper. This process features a groundbreaking technical route， which can synergistically recover energy and resources from argon-oxygen decarburization （AOD） slag and carry out eco-friendly detoxification of hazardous pickling sludge. Through systematic laboratory experiments， combined with computational thermodynamics modeling and SEM - EDS analysis， the migration modes and phase transformation mechanisms of key elements（such as S， Cr， and Fe） in the molten AOD slag-sludge mixed system were studied. The results showed that during the pretreatment stage of carbon-containing pickling sludge particles， the risk of sulfur pollution was effectively suppressed， and no sulfur-containing gas emission was detected. Subsequently， in the thermal reduction stage in the AOD slag bath （operating temperature：1550℃）， the distribution ratio of sulfur in the gas phase was 0.55%， and the sulfur fixation rate in the slag phase reached 99.68% through the formation of stable sulfides. The recovery rate of high-value metal components mainly composed of Fe-Cr alloy was approximately 90%. The basic mechanism analysis revealed a multi-stage reaction pathway： the redox transformation within the particles involved sulfate reduction （CaSO4→CaS）， spinel crystallization （formation of FeCr2O4）， and coarsening of metal particles （Fe—Cr—C）. The interfacial interactions during the slag dissolution process promoted the complex reconstruction of MgCr2O4 spinel while enabling the thermodynamically stable encapsulation of CaS in the slag matrix. This study lays a theoretical and technical foundation for the industrial-scale implementation of the energy-coupled co-processing system and presents a paradigm shift for the stainless steel manufacturing industry towards a circular economy.
2025,
43(7):
18-26.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507003
Abstract:
The rapid development of China's livestock industry has significantly promoted the steady advancement of large-scale animal farming， effectively ensuring abundant meat protein supply for residents while generating substantial environmental pollution from accumulated livestock and poultry waste. Focusing on the standardized recycling of livestock and poultry manure and the ecological sustainability of animal husbandry， this study systematically reviews resource utilization approaches for livestock waste and analyzed regional disparities in waste management strategies and pollution control models. Core technological considerations for manure resource utilization facilities encompass multiple critical aspects： ensuring the stable operation of manure reception and pretreatment systems to maintain consistent processing efficiency； advancing the standardization and industrial-scale application of anaerobic digestion systems to enhance biogas production reliability； implementing automated precision control in aerobic composting systems to optimize organic fertilizer quality； establishing viable technical conditions for biogas utilization schemes to maximize energy recovery； and selecting context-specific wastewater treatment processes to meet varying discharge standards. By integrating the physicochemical properties of livestock manure with resource recovery technologies， this research proposes optimized technical specifications for centralized manure treatment facilities， considering the operational scales of breeding enterprises， the technical capacities of waste management entities， and site-specific conditions such as land availability and regional environmental regulations. A practical demonstration is provided through a detailed analysis of a manure resource engineering project in Jiangsu Province， which exemplifies the integration of pretreatment， anaerobic digestion， composting， and wastewater treatment modules within a unified facility. The case study highlights customized solutions addressing local breeding density， manure characteristics， and end-product market demands， showcasing reduced environmental footprints while creating economic returns through fertilizer and energy production. This work contributes to advancing standardized manure management in intensive farming operations by proposing systematic technological pathways that harmonize ecological preservation with industrial development requirements. The findings offer actionable references for achieving circular economy objectives in animal husbandry through regionally adaptable models， emphasizing the necessity of tailored approaches to address geographical variations in breeding practices， waste composition， and regulatory frameworks. By bridging technological innovation with practical implementation challenges， the study also provides a framework for policymakers and industry stakeholders to optimize waste-to-resource conversion efficiency while balancing environmental governance with the sustainable growth of China's livestock sector.
The rapid development of China's livestock industry has significantly promoted the steady advancement of large-scale animal farming， effectively ensuring abundant meat protein supply for residents while generating substantial environmental pollution from accumulated livestock and poultry waste. Focusing on the standardized recycling of livestock and poultry manure and the ecological sustainability of animal husbandry， this study systematically reviews resource utilization approaches for livestock waste and analyzed regional disparities in waste management strategies and pollution control models. Core technological considerations for manure resource utilization facilities encompass multiple critical aspects： ensuring the stable operation of manure reception and pretreatment systems to maintain consistent processing efficiency； advancing the standardization and industrial-scale application of anaerobic digestion systems to enhance biogas production reliability； implementing automated precision control in aerobic composting systems to optimize organic fertilizer quality； establishing viable technical conditions for biogas utilization schemes to maximize energy recovery； and selecting context-specific wastewater treatment processes to meet varying discharge standards. By integrating the physicochemical properties of livestock manure with resource recovery technologies， this research proposes optimized technical specifications for centralized manure treatment facilities， considering the operational scales of breeding enterprises， the technical capacities of waste management entities， and site-specific conditions such as land availability and regional environmental regulations. A practical demonstration is provided through a detailed analysis of a manure resource engineering project in Jiangsu Province， which exemplifies the integration of pretreatment， anaerobic digestion， composting， and wastewater treatment modules within a unified facility. The case study highlights customized solutions addressing local breeding density， manure characteristics， and end-product market demands， showcasing reduced environmental footprints while creating economic returns through fertilizer and energy production. This work contributes to advancing standardized manure management in intensive farming operations by proposing systematic technological pathways that harmonize ecological preservation with industrial development requirements. The findings offer actionable references for achieving circular economy objectives in animal husbandry through regionally adaptable models， emphasizing the necessity of tailored approaches to address geographical variations in breeding practices， waste composition， and regulatory frameworks. By bridging technological innovation with practical implementation challenges， the study also provides a framework for policymakers and industry stakeholders to optimize waste-to-resource conversion efficiency while balancing environmental governance with the sustainable growth of China's livestock sector.
2025,
43(7):
27-37.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507004
Abstract:
In response to nutrient and organic matter release from sediments into overlying water， which leads to eutrophication， an in-situ capping technology was proposed to mitigate pollution released from sediments in an experiment. The response surface method was used to optimize the modification method of zeolite， and a one-way experiment was conducted to determine the optimal calcination time and temperature for water purification plant sludge. The composite cover material（CCM） was prepared by calcining water purification sludge and composite-modified zeolite， preparing CaO2 from eggshell， and mixing them with cement as a binder for long-lasting oxygen release and simultaneous efficient removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. It was found that the CCM was loose and porous， with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that enhanced its adsorption capability and capacity. The presence of Ca2+， Al3+， and Na+ promoted the ion exchange with NH4+ and the immobilization of phosphate. Additionally， the CCM could induce microbial growth， strengthen the nitrification reaction， and remove the TOC from the water body. After three rounds of capping experiments， total nitrogen， ammonia， total phosphorus， orthophosphate， and TOC were simultaneously and efficiently removed， achieving a removal rate of 81.75%， 79.55%， 86.64%， 85.82%， and 29.16%， respectively. CCM， as an environmentally friendly material with a long service life， promotes the growth of ecosystem-originating microorganisms while enabling the synchronous removal of nitrogen， phosphorus， and organic matter， thus efficiently restoring the ecological vitality of the water.
In response to nutrient and organic matter release from sediments into overlying water， which leads to eutrophication， an in-situ capping technology was proposed to mitigate pollution released from sediments in an experiment. The response surface method was used to optimize the modification method of zeolite， and a one-way experiment was conducted to determine the optimal calcination time and temperature for water purification plant sludge. The composite cover material（CCM） was prepared by calcining water purification sludge and composite-modified zeolite， preparing CaO2 from eggshell， and mixing them with cement as a binder for long-lasting oxygen release and simultaneous efficient removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. It was found that the CCM was loose and porous， with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that enhanced its adsorption capability and capacity. The presence of Ca2+， Al3+， and Na+ promoted the ion exchange with NH4+ and the immobilization of phosphate. Additionally， the CCM could induce microbial growth， strengthen the nitrification reaction， and remove the TOC from the water body. After three rounds of capping experiments， total nitrogen， ammonia， total phosphorus， orthophosphate， and TOC were simultaneously and efficiently removed， achieving a removal rate of 81.75%， 79.55%， 86.64%， 85.82%， and 29.16%， respectively. CCM， as an environmentally friendly material with a long service life， promotes the growth of ecosystem-originating microorganisms while enabling the synchronous removal of nitrogen， phosphorus， and organic matter， thus efficiently restoring the ecological vitality of the water.
2025,
43(7):
38-47.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507005
Abstract:
Regarding the resource utilization of Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment， a multi-objective optimization model based on a differential evolution algorithm was established， and the mixing ratio of Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment and lignite-based organic matter was optimized based on the nutrients， toxic substances， and economic costs. Meanwhile， the composite products were evaluated according to China agricultural standard Organic Fertilizer（NY/T 525—2021）. In addition， pot experiments were conducted on Chinese cabbage to investigate the effects of different compound ratios （4%~51% Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment and 96%~49% lignite-based organic matter， including groups BL1—BL5） on its growth and soil fertility under different fertilizer-to-soil ratios （5%~15%）. The results showed that compared with the non-fertilized group， the application rate of the composite products containing Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment and lignite-based organic matter was directly proportional to the plant height， fresh weight， and dry weight of Chinese cabbage， as well as the soil organic matter content； compared with applying lignite-based organic matter alone， the BL4 group （41% sediment and 59% Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment） under various fertilizer-to-soil ratios increased the height of Chinese cabbage plants by up to 23.4%， the chlorophyll content by up to 25.8%， and the fresh weight by up to 280%； at the same time， compared with the non-fertilized group， the application of composite products increased the soil organic matter content by 95% to 443%， effectively improving the soil fertility level. Moreover， the heavy metal contents in the soil after applying the composite products were significantly lower than the soil pollution risk screening value for agricultural soil. Overall， it was found that the BL4 group of Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment and lignite-based organic matter composite products is the optimal ratio， and the fertilizer to soil ratio should not exceed 10% when applied in soil.
Regarding the resource utilization of Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment， a multi-objective optimization model based on a differential evolution algorithm was established， and the mixing ratio of Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment and lignite-based organic matter was optimized based on the nutrients， toxic substances， and economic costs. Meanwhile， the composite products were evaluated according to China agricultural standard Organic Fertilizer（NY/T 525—2021）. In addition， pot experiments were conducted on Chinese cabbage to investigate the effects of different compound ratios （4%~51% Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment and 96%~49% lignite-based organic matter， including groups BL1—BL5） on its growth and soil fertility under different fertilizer-to-soil ratios （5%~15%）. The results showed that compared with the non-fertilized group， the application rate of the composite products containing Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment and lignite-based organic matter was directly proportional to the plant height， fresh weight， and dry weight of Chinese cabbage， as well as the soil organic matter content； compared with applying lignite-based organic matter alone， the BL4 group （41% sediment and 59% Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment） under various fertilizer-to-soil ratios increased the height of Chinese cabbage plants by up to 23.4%， the chlorophyll content by up to 25.8%， and the fresh weight by up to 280%； at the same time， compared with the non-fertilized group， the application of composite products increased the soil organic matter content by 95% to 443%， effectively improving the soil fertility level. Moreover， the heavy metal contents in the soil after applying the composite products were significantly lower than the soil pollution risk screening value for agricultural soil. Overall， it was found that the BL4 group of Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment and lignite-based organic matter composite products is the optimal ratio， and the fertilizer to soil ratio should not exceed 10% when applied in soil.
2025,
43(7):
48-63.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507006
Abstract:
With the intensification of environmental awareness， more pollution remediation projects on surface water have been carried out. However， improving water quality not only needs to reduce the external pollutants derived from urban and agricultural non-point sources， but also needs to remove the internal pollutants that exist in the sediment. Dredging techniques， especially the environmental dredging techniques， have been widely used in remediation projects to remove the pollutants in sediment due to re-suspension and lower disturbance than other traditional dredging techniques. To understand the status of environmental dredging in China， technical characteristics， equipment development and application status， design standards， relevant engineering costs， and its impacts on aquatic systems have been summarized and presented through literature research. Over the past 10 years， China has witnessed rapid advancement in developing professional environmental dredging equipment. Nowadays， this dredging equipment is becoming eco-friendly， intelligent， efficient， and convenient. However， the market share of domestic manufacturing dredging facilities remains relatively small， though it is growing steadily. Additionally， the potential influence of dredging operation on aquatic organisms has not been fully considered in the design of environmental dredging projects. Specific operational standards for such projects in highly bio-sensitive areas need to be established to ensure water quality safety and hydrobionts in the dredging area. Thus， different simulations and experiments could be considered to determine the representative indicators of water environment changes during dredging operations in the future. Subsequently， environmental control indicators and their thresholds for dredging projects can be determined from the perspective of contaminant release and its impact on aquatic life activities， thereby， ensuring that the environmental impact of dredging operations on aquatic systems is minimized or even negligible.
With the intensification of environmental awareness， more pollution remediation projects on surface water have been carried out. However， improving water quality not only needs to reduce the external pollutants derived from urban and agricultural non-point sources， but also needs to remove the internal pollutants that exist in the sediment. Dredging techniques， especially the environmental dredging techniques， have been widely used in remediation projects to remove the pollutants in sediment due to re-suspension and lower disturbance than other traditional dredging techniques. To understand the status of environmental dredging in China， technical characteristics， equipment development and application status， design standards， relevant engineering costs， and its impacts on aquatic systems have been summarized and presented through literature research. Over the past 10 years， China has witnessed rapid advancement in developing professional environmental dredging equipment. Nowadays， this dredging equipment is becoming eco-friendly， intelligent， efficient， and convenient. However， the market share of domestic manufacturing dredging facilities remains relatively small， though it is growing steadily. Additionally， the potential influence of dredging operation on aquatic organisms has not been fully considered in the design of environmental dredging projects. Specific operational standards for such projects in highly bio-sensitive areas need to be established to ensure water quality safety and hydrobionts in the dredging area. Thus， different simulations and experiments could be considered to determine the representative indicators of water environment changes during dredging operations in the future. Subsequently， environmental control indicators and their thresholds for dredging projects can be determined from the perspective of contaminant release and its impact on aquatic life activities， thereby， ensuring that the environmental impact of dredging operations on aquatic systems is minimized or even negligible.
2025,
43(7):
64-72.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507007
Abstract:
In the context of clean energy development， AI intelligent innovation， and achieving carbon neutrality， there is an increasing amount of research on the application of artificial intelligence technology in energy conservation and consumption reduction in water treatment. However， there are currently no cases of integrating artificial intelligence technology with solar sludge drying technology. This study explores the application of AI in a sludge solar drying system， aiming to enhance the efficiency and security， simplify the system configuration， and improve safety and stability with intelligent visual systems. Based on this， the study applied a big data digital twin model to automatically compare and analyze the influence of each layer factor， identified key representative indicators for control， simplified the control process， and enhanced system efficiency. The results showed that the dewatered sludge moisture content could be efficiently regulated by the length of the granulation drying zone， which exhibited a highly linear relationship； under the optimal operating conditions， the non-winter sludge treatment capacity increased from the designed 3.00 t/d to 7.21 t/d（2.4 times the design value）， the water removal amout reached 4.85 t/d， and the average water removal capacity was 8.84 kg/（m2·d）. The energy consumption of the system during winter operation decreased from 240.5 kW·h/t to 168.5 kW·h/t， which was 29.9% lower than that of the non-smart sludge solar drying systems and 49.4% lower than that of low-temperature belt drying systems. The system operated stably， the target sludge moisture content was controlled accurately， and the comprehensive energy-saving and emission-reduction effects were significant. Through a comparative analysis of multiple cases， the economical ranking of various sludge drying technologies is as follows： solar drying > low-temperature belt drying > steam aeration drying > thin-layer drying machine.
In the context of clean energy development， AI intelligent innovation， and achieving carbon neutrality， there is an increasing amount of research on the application of artificial intelligence technology in energy conservation and consumption reduction in water treatment. However， there are currently no cases of integrating artificial intelligence technology with solar sludge drying technology. This study explores the application of AI in a sludge solar drying system， aiming to enhance the efficiency and security， simplify the system configuration， and improve safety and stability with intelligent visual systems. Based on this， the study applied a big data digital twin model to automatically compare and analyze the influence of each layer factor， identified key representative indicators for control， simplified the control process， and enhanced system efficiency. The results showed that the dewatered sludge moisture content could be efficiently regulated by the length of the granulation drying zone， which exhibited a highly linear relationship； under the optimal operating conditions， the non-winter sludge treatment capacity increased from the designed 3.00 t/d to 7.21 t/d（2.4 times the design value）， the water removal amout reached 4.85 t/d， and the average water removal capacity was 8.84 kg/（m2·d）. The energy consumption of the system during winter operation decreased from 240.5 kW·h/t to 168.5 kW·h/t， which was 29.9% lower than that of the non-smart sludge solar drying systems and 49.4% lower than that of low-temperature belt drying systems. The system operated stably， the target sludge moisture content was controlled accurately， and the comprehensive energy-saving and emission-reduction effects were significant. Through a comparative analysis of multiple cases， the economical ranking of various sludge drying technologies is as follows： solar drying > low-temperature belt drying > steam aeration drying > thin-layer drying machine.
2025,
43(7):
73-81.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507008
Abstract:
In order to realize the co-utilization of domestic sludge and coal slime， the combustion performance， slag and ash deposition characteristics， and viscosity characteristics of their mixture were studied. The results showed that with the increase of the mixing ratio of domestic sludge， the ignition point temperature of the mixed samples （domestic sludge and coal sludge） gradually decreased， the combustion characteristic index gradually increased， and the ignition stability index exceeded that of pure coal sludge when 3.95% domestic sludge added and continued to rise. When the addition ratio of domestic sludge was less than 8.75%， it had little effect on the ash melting temperature of coal slime. When the addition ratio of wet domestic sludge increased from 0 to 8.75%， the viscosity of the mixed samples （wet domestic sludge and wet coal sludge） gradually increased. When the moisture content of the mixed samples （wet domestic sludge and wet coal sludge） was 45%， a high mixing ratio of wet domestic sludge increased the viscosity change amplitude of the mixed samples， thereby increased the pressure on the conveying system. In order to realize the mixed transportation of wet domestic sludge and wet coal sludge into the boiler for combustion， the mixing ratio of wet domestic sludge（with a moisture content of 80%） should not exceed 3.95%. The results obtained in this study can provide basic data and application reference for the comprehensive treatment and utilization of domestic sludge and coal slime.
In order to realize the co-utilization of domestic sludge and coal slime， the combustion performance， slag and ash deposition characteristics， and viscosity characteristics of their mixture were studied. The results showed that with the increase of the mixing ratio of domestic sludge， the ignition point temperature of the mixed samples （domestic sludge and coal sludge） gradually decreased， the combustion characteristic index gradually increased， and the ignition stability index exceeded that of pure coal sludge when 3.95% domestic sludge added and continued to rise. When the addition ratio of domestic sludge was less than 8.75%， it had little effect on the ash melting temperature of coal slime. When the addition ratio of wet domestic sludge increased from 0 to 8.75%， the viscosity of the mixed samples （wet domestic sludge and wet coal sludge） gradually increased. When the moisture content of the mixed samples （wet domestic sludge and wet coal sludge） was 45%， a high mixing ratio of wet domestic sludge increased the viscosity change amplitude of the mixed samples， thereby increased the pressure on the conveying system. In order to realize the mixed transportation of wet domestic sludge and wet coal sludge into the boiler for combustion， the mixing ratio of wet domestic sludge（with a moisture content of 80%） should not exceed 3.95%. The results obtained in this study can provide basic data and application reference for the comprehensive treatment and utilization of domestic sludge and coal slime.
2025,
43(7):
82-87.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507009
Abstract:
Sludge drying incineration has become one of the mainstream treatment technologies. With the promotion of the construction of zero-waste city， urban solid waste treatment and disposal is becoming increasingly prominent. Sludge co-incineration with urban organic solid waste is a feasible model to achieve energy self-supply and near-zero carbon emission of sludge incineration system， which is conducive to reducing pollution， carbon emission， energy saving and high-efficiency of sludge treatment. This research focuses on common industrial solid wastes， drawing from engineering practices， examines the energy balance and carbon emissions of the co-incineration of these wastes with sludge. The calculation results indicate that urban organic solid waste synergy can increase the average heat value of the mixed fuel fed into the incinerator， and make the system achieve energy surplus， can not only meet the system's own heat demand such as sludge drying， without consuming external supplementary heat sources and electrical energy， but also achieve cogeneration of heat and power. Compared to sludge incineration， co-incineration with urban organic solid waste increases the direct carbon emission intensity； however， with self-sufficiency in energy， the indirect carbon emission intensity caused by external heat and electricity consumption is significantly reduced. Additionally， the external supply of energy and resources leads to carbon offset， and the net carbon emission of the system may potentially contribute to carbon sequestration， also known as carbon sinks. When the proportion of fossil derived carbon in urban organic solid waste reaches 50%， the carbon sink intensity per unit processing capacity is -28.5 kg/t.
Sludge drying incineration has become one of the mainstream treatment technologies. With the promotion of the construction of zero-waste city， urban solid waste treatment and disposal is becoming increasingly prominent. Sludge co-incineration with urban organic solid waste is a feasible model to achieve energy self-supply and near-zero carbon emission of sludge incineration system， which is conducive to reducing pollution， carbon emission， energy saving and high-efficiency of sludge treatment. This research focuses on common industrial solid wastes， drawing from engineering practices， examines the energy balance and carbon emissions of the co-incineration of these wastes with sludge. The calculation results indicate that urban organic solid waste synergy can increase the average heat value of the mixed fuel fed into the incinerator， and make the system achieve energy surplus， can not only meet the system's own heat demand such as sludge drying， without consuming external supplementary heat sources and electrical energy， but also achieve cogeneration of heat and power. Compared to sludge incineration， co-incineration with urban organic solid waste increases the direct carbon emission intensity； however， with self-sufficiency in energy， the indirect carbon emission intensity caused by external heat and electricity consumption is significantly reduced. Additionally， the external supply of energy and resources leads to carbon offset， and the net carbon emission of the system may potentially contribute to carbon sequestration， also known as carbon sinks. When the proportion of fossil derived carbon in urban organic solid waste reaches 50%， the carbon sink intensity per unit processing capacity is -28.5 kg/t.
2025,
43(7):
88-94.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507010
Abstract:
Anaerobic digestion technology is a mainstream process for recycling of urban organic solid waste. Co-anaerobic digestion technology of food waste and household food waste can be divided into dry-wet co-digestion and wet co-digestion， respectively， and the process selection is related to the composition of raw materials. For projects mainly processing household food waste， the dry-wet co-anaerobic digestion technology can reduce operating costs， improve resource utilization efficiency， and achieve full utilization of organic matter. For projects mainly processing food waste， wet co-anaerobic digestion technology requires less site area， lower investment， and is easier to operate and maintain. Taking a co-anaerobic digestion facility for food waste and household food waste as an example， the main process route adopted is “mechanical pulping + wet co-anaerobic digestion + utilize biogas for heat and power”. Digested sludge is dried at a low temperature after centrifugal treatment， and the centrifugate is treated by the process of “external MBR + NF” and then discharged. This paper introduces in detail the general layout of the facility， the design of process flow， the selection of pretreatment technology and key parameters for each treatment unit， and the treatment of biogas sludge and effluent， which can provide reference for the design of similar projects.
Anaerobic digestion technology is a mainstream process for recycling of urban organic solid waste. Co-anaerobic digestion technology of food waste and household food waste can be divided into dry-wet co-digestion and wet co-digestion， respectively， and the process selection is related to the composition of raw materials. For projects mainly processing household food waste， the dry-wet co-anaerobic digestion technology can reduce operating costs， improve resource utilization efficiency， and achieve full utilization of organic matter. For projects mainly processing food waste， wet co-anaerobic digestion technology requires less site area， lower investment， and is easier to operate and maintain. Taking a co-anaerobic digestion facility for food waste and household food waste as an example， the main process route adopted is “mechanical pulping + wet co-anaerobic digestion + utilize biogas for heat and power”. Digested sludge is dried at a low temperature after centrifugal treatment， and the centrifugate is treated by the process of “external MBR + NF” and then discharged. This paper introduces in detail the general layout of the facility， the design of process flow， the selection of pretreatment technology and key parameters for each treatment unit， and the treatment of biogas sludge and effluent， which can provide reference for the design of similar projects.
2025,
43(7):
95-103.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507011
Abstract:
Taking municipal wastewater as the research object， the operating parameters such as operating pressure， air flow rate， mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS）， ammonia nitrogen （NH4 + 4 +
Taking municipal wastewater as the research object， the operating parameters such as operating pressure， air flow rate， mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS）， ammonia nitrogen （NH
2025,
43(7):
104-111.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507012
Abstract:
China is the world's largest producer and consumer of fluorine chemicals， yet faces severe pollution challenges from perfluorinated compounds （PFCs）. As a critical pollution source， fluorine chemical industrial parks have become focal areas for PFCs research and remediation efforts. This paper systematically reviews the sources and current status of PFCs pollution， highlighting that production and discharge activities within these industrial parks are likely contributing to PFCs pollution both inside and surrounding these areas. Surface water and groundwater have been identified as the primary media for the migration and pollution of PFCs， with concentrations of most PFCs showing a decreasing trend as the distance from the park increases.Through a summary and comparison of various PFCs removal technologies， it is evident that single removal methods are inadequate. Therefore， there is an urgent need to develop integrated composite technologies to effectively eliminate PFCs. This study recommends that fluorine chemical industrial parks adopt relevant treatment strategies from the perspectives of source control， emission reduction， and comprehensive process supervision. These strategies aim to establish a framework for managing PFCs throughout the entire process，from production and discharge to migration， transformation， and final discharge into the surrounding ecosystem.
China is the world's largest producer and consumer of fluorine chemicals， yet faces severe pollution challenges from perfluorinated compounds （PFCs）. As a critical pollution source， fluorine chemical industrial parks have become focal areas for PFCs research and remediation efforts. This paper systematically reviews the sources and current status of PFCs pollution， highlighting that production and discharge activities within these industrial parks are likely contributing to PFCs pollution both inside and surrounding these areas. Surface water and groundwater have been identified as the primary media for the migration and pollution of PFCs， with concentrations of most PFCs showing a decreasing trend as the distance from the park increases.Through a summary and comparison of various PFCs removal technologies， it is evident that single removal methods are inadequate. Therefore， there is an urgent need to develop integrated composite technologies to effectively eliminate PFCs. This study recommends that fluorine chemical industrial parks adopt relevant treatment strategies from the perspectives of source control， emission reduction， and comprehensive process supervision. These strategies aim to establish a framework for managing PFCs throughout the entire process，from production and discharge to migration， transformation， and final discharge into the surrounding ecosystem.
2025,
43(7):
112-124.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507013
Abstract:
Sulfonamides， a category of extensively utilized antibacterial medications， have attracted considerable attention due to their role in the escalation of drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria and the spread of drug resistance genes. Biodegradation plays a crucial role in the elimination of sulfonamides from the environment， serving as a natural barrier against the accumulation of these substances. This review provides an overview of the natural biodegradation of sulfonamides， exploring the microbial species involved in this process， and summarizes the optimal degradation conditions for both pure cultures and bacterial consortia. The biodegradation of sulfonamides is influenced by various factors， including temperature， pH， initial drug concentration， and the added carbon sources. Comprehending these factors is essential for optimizing degradation conditions， which can improve the efficiency of sulfonamide removal. Moreover， diverse sulfonamide-degrading bacteria have been observed to share highly similar genomes， which may correlate with their degradation efficiency. Different sulfonamide types exhibit distinct metabolic pathways with specific degrading bacterial genera， which are associated with their genomic characteristics. Currently， practices of bioaugmentation in situ for sulfonamides are still lacking， and the relationship between their metabolic pathways and functional genes requires further investigation.
Sulfonamides， a category of extensively utilized antibacterial medications， have attracted considerable attention due to their role in the escalation of drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria and the spread of drug resistance genes. Biodegradation plays a crucial role in the elimination of sulfonamides from the environment， serving as a natural barrier against the accumulation of these substances. This review provides an overview of the natural biodegradation of sulfonamides， exploring the microbial species involved in this process， and summarizes the optimal degradation conditions for both pure cultures and bacterial consortia. The biodegradation of sulfonamides is influenced by various factors， including temperature， pH， initial drug concentration， and the added carbon sources. Comprehending these factors is essential for optimizing degradation conditions， which can improve the efficiency of sulfonamide removal. Moreover， diverse sulfonamide-degrading bacteria have been observed to share highly similar genomes， which may correlate with their degradation efficiency. Different sulfonamide types exhibit distinct metabolic pathways with specific degrading bacterial genera， which are associated with their genomic characteristics. Currently， practices of bioaugmentation in situ for sulfonamides are still lacking， and the relationship between their metabolic pathways and functional genes requires further investigation.
2025,
43(7):
125-133.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507014
Abstract:
The remediation and quality improvement of micro-polluted source water plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural areas. Microbial remediation offers several benefits， including low investment， eco-friendly practices， and minimal carbon emissions. However， microbial inoculants face challenges such as slow growth and susceptibility to loss in low-concentration sewage， presenting a significant obstacle to their effectiveness. As a result， there is a press need for innovative solutions to address these issues and optimize the performance of microbial remediation methods. Additionally， it is essential to develop strategies that can enhance the resilience and longevity of microbial inoculants in order to maximize their impact on water quality improvement. By addressing these challenges，the effectiveness of microbial remediation can be bolstered， ultimately improving the safety and reliability of drinking water in rural communities. Safeguarding the quality of drinking water is paramount， and leveraging microbial remediation techniques can significantly contribute to achieving this goal. To address the issue of micro-polluted source water， in this paper，the focus was on screening and developing oligotrophic indigenous microbial inoculants and creating microbial enrichment carriers to degrade low-concentration organic matter and ammonia nitrogen. Twenty strains of oligotrophic indigenous microorganisms were successfully screened from the micro-polluted source water. Subsequently， the oligotrophic compound microbial inoculant FY was constructed through combination， and its characteristics were further studied. The findings revealed that at 30℃， the removal efficiency of COD and ammonia nitrogen in micro-polluted water reached 50.96% and 79.42%， respectively. Additionally， a microbial enrichment carrier made of polycaprolactone， zeolite， ceramsite， and activated carbon was developed through hot melt blending and extrusion. This carrier demonstrated sustained nutrient release， adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus， and a porous surface. When the dosage of the carrier and FY microbial inoculant was 0.1%， the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen in the micro-polluted source water reached an impressive 93% under batch water exchange. Furthermore， a biofilm was observed to form on the surface of the carrier， indicating its capacity to stably retain the FY microbial inoculant and promote the growth of functional bacteria. The study contributes technical support for the remediation of micro-polluted source water， ultimately ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural areas.
The remediation and quality improvement of micro-polluted source water plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural areas. Microbial remediation offers several benefits， including low investment， eco-friendly practices， and minimal carbon emissions. However， microbial inoculants face challenges such as slow growth and susceptibility to loss in low-concentration sewage， presenting a significant obstacle to their effectiveness. As a result， there is a press need for innovative solutions to address these issues and optimize the performance of microbial remediation methods. Additionally， it is essential to develop strategies that can enhance the resilience and longevity of microbial inoculants in order to maximize their impact on water quality improvement. By addressing these challenges，the effectiveness of microbial remediation can be bolstered， ultimately improving the safety and reliability of drinking water in rural communities. Safeguarding the quality of drinking water is paramount， and leveraging microbial remediation techniques can significantly contribute to achieving this goal. To address the issue of micro-polluted source water， in this paper，the focus was on screening and developing oligotrophic indigenous microbial inoculants and creating microbial enrichment carriers to degrade low-concentration organic matter and ammonia nitrogen. Twenty strains of oligotrophic indigenous microorganisms were successfully screened from the micro-polluted source water. Subsequently， the oligotrophic compound microbial inoculant FY was constructed through combination， and its characteristics were further studied. The findings revealed that at 30℃， the removal efficiency of COD and ammonia nitrogen in micro-polluted water reached 50.96% and 79.42%， respectively. Additionally， a microbial enrichment carrier made of polycaprolactone， zeolite， ceramsite， and activated carbon was developed through hot melt blending and extrusion. This carrier demonstrated sustained nutrient release， adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus， and a porous surface. When the dosage of the carrier and FY microbial inoculant was 0.1%， the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen in the micro-polluted source water reached an impressive 93% under batch water exchange. Furthermore， a biofilm was observed to form on the surface of the carrier， indicating its capacity to stably retain the FY microbial inoculant and promote the growth of functional bacteria. The study contributes technical support for the remediation of micro-polluted source water， ultimately ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural areas.
2025,
43(7):
134-144.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507015
Abstract:
Adsorption is a prominent and highly effective method for managing wastewater that contains phosphorus：a nutrient that can cause eutrophication in water bodies. This process is particularly advantageous due to its high efficiency and the fact that it does not generate sludge， which is a common byproduct of other wastewater treatment methods. However， the use of powdered adsorbents，though often the most effective for phosphorus removal，poses challenges in traditional fixed-bed reactors. These challenges include flow interruptions， blockages， and the risk of reactor collapse due to the pressure exerted by the bed， all of which can significantly degrade the adsorbent's adsorption efficiency and the process's operational stability. In light of these issues， this study proposed a shift from fixed-bed adsorption to fluidized-bed adsorption as a potential solution. The fluidized-bed approach was investigated for its feasibility as a phosphorus adsorption reactor， using La2（CO3）3-diatomite composites （La2（CO3）3@Dia） as the adsorbent. The fluidization characteristics of this powdered adsorbent were scrutinized in a fluidized-bed setup， with key parameters such as the minimum fluidization velocity and terminal velocity being measured. These parameters are crucial for understanding the adsorbent’s behavior in the fluidized bed and optimizing reactor design. To derive a suitable fluidization parameter equation for the powdered adsorbent， the Ergun formula was employed—a widely accepted model for predicting the pressure drop across a packed bed， and by extension， the behavior of fluidized beds. The study further examined the effects of upward flow velocity on both phosphorus removal efficiency and adsorbent loss. It was found that maintaining the micro-fluidized bed diameter above 10 mm was beneficial， as it minimized the impact of wall friction on the measurement of the powdered adsorbent's fluidization parameters. The study derived optimal prediction formulas for both the minimum fluidization velocity and terminal velocity of powdered adsorbents， based on Ergun's coefficient correction formula and Planowski's universal formula， respectively. The experimental results of the fluidized adsorption experiments are promising： by controlling the upward flow velocity between the minimum fluidization velocity and the extraction velocity， the La2（CO3）3@Dia composites achieved an average saturated adsorption capacity of 79.4% of their maximum capacity. Furthermore， the average adsorbent loss rate was measured at 11.3%， representing a significant improvement over fixed-bed reactor limitations. In conclusion， this study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of fluidized beds as phosphorus adsorption reactors. It offers valuable theoretical guidance and empirical data to advance the practical implementation of powdered adsorbent absorption processes. By addressing the challenges associated with powdered adsorbents in fixed-bed reactors， this research contributes to the development of more efficient and stable wastewater treatment technologies that can help mitigate the environmental impacts of phosphorus pollution.
Adsorption is a prominent and highly effective method for managing wastewater that contains phosphorus：a nutrient that can cause eutrophication in water bodies. This process is particularly advantageous due to its high efficiency and the fact that it does not generate sludge， which is a common byproduct of other wastewater treatment methods. However， the use of powdered adsorbents，though often the most effective for phosphorus removal，poses challenges in traditional fixed-bed reactors. These challenges include flow interruptions， blockages， and the risk of reactor collapse due to the pressure exerted by the bed， all of which can significantly degrade the adsorbent's adsorption efficiency and the process's operational stability. In light of these issues， this study proposed a shift from fixed-bed adsorption to fluidized-bed adsorption as a potential solution. The fluidized-bed approach was investigated for its feasibility as a phosphorus adsorption reactor， using La2（CO3）3-diatomite composites （La2（CO3）3@Dia） as the adsorbent. The fluidization characteristics of this powdered adsorbent were scrutinized in a fluidized-bed setup， with key parameters such as the minimum fluidization velocity and terminal velocity being measured. These parameters are crucial for understanding the adsorbent’s behavior in the fluidized bed and optimizing reactor design. To derive a suitable fluidization parameter equation for the powdered adsorbent， the Ergun formula was employed—a widely accepted model for predicting the pressure drop across a packed bed， and by extension， the behavior of fluidized beds. The study further examined the effects of upward flow velocity on both phosphorus removal efficiency and adsorbent loss. It was found that maintaining the micro-fluidized bed diameter above 10 mm was beneficial， as it minimized the impact of wall friction on the measurement of the powdered adsorbent's fluidization parameters. The study derived optimal prediction formulas for both the minimum fluidization velocity and terminal velocity of powdered adsorbents， based on Ergun's coefficient correction formula and Planowski's universal formula， respectively. The experimental results of the fluidized adsorption experiments are promising： by controlling the upward flow velocity between the minimum fluidization velocity and the extraction velocity， the La2（CO3）3@Dia composites achieved an average saturated adsorption capacity of 79.4% of their maximum capacity. Furthermore， the average adsorbent loss rate was measured at 11.3%， representing a significant improvement over fixed-bed reactor limitations. In conclusion， this study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of fluidized beds as phosphorus adsorption reactors. It offers valuable theoretical guidance and empirical data to advance the practical implementation of powdered adsorbent absorption processes. By addressing the challenges associated with powdered adsorbents in fixed-bed reactors， this research contributes to the development of more efficient and stable wastewater treatment technologies that can help mitigate the environmental impacts of phosphorus pollution.
2025,
43(7):
145-158.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507016
Abstract:
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the applications， effectiveness， and challenges of compound-specific isotope analysis （CSIA） technology in pollutant source apportionment. CSIA technology can accurately determine the stable isotope ratios in individual organic pollutants， offering a powerful tool for the precise identification of pollution sources. Using the Web of Science Core Collection as the data source， this paper systematically collates and deeply analyzes articles published between 2000 and 2023 on CSIA technology. Through detailed comparisons of the elements used in CSIA technology for identifying the sources of various organic pollutants， as well as the environmental matrices covered in the research， it has been found that carbon plays a central role in current studies. Among various environmental matrices， research on the source apportionment of water pollutants using CSIA technology is the most prevalent. This paper not only outlines the detection methodology and source apportionment models of CSIA but also delves into the current application status of this technology. However， in practice， CSIA still faces challenges such as complex sample processing procedures and difficulties in analyzing non-point source pollution. To address these challenges， this paper proposes several improvement measures， including optimizing sample processing steps， introducing multi-isotope joint analysis， and establishing a comprehensive isotope database for pollution sources， to enhance the accuracy and reliability of CSIA technology. In summary， CSIA technology plays a pivotal role in pollutant source apportionment. It not only provides a scientific basis for decision-making in pollution control but also effectively promotes the development of pollution control strategies towards a more refined and precise direction.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the applications， effectiveness， and challenges of compound-specific isotope analysis （CSIA） technology in pollutant source apportionment. CSIA technology can accurately determine the stable isotope ratios in individual organic pollutants， offering a powerful tool for the precise identification of pollution sources. Using the Web of Science Core Collection as the data source， this paper systematically collates and deeply analyzes articles published between 2000 and 2023 on CSIA technology. Through detailed comparisons of the elements used in CSIA technology for identifying the sources of various organic pollutants， as well as the environmental matrices covered in the research， it has been found that carbon plays a central role in current studies. Among various environmental matrices， research on the source apportionment of water pollutants using CSIA technology is the most prevalent. This paper not only outlines the detection methodology and source apportionment models of CSIA but also delves into the current application status of this technology. However， in practice， CSIA still faces challenges such as complex sample processing procedures and difficulties in analyzing non-point source pollution. To address these challenges， this paper proposes several improvement measures， including optimizing sample processing steps， introducing multi-isotope joint analysis， and establishing a comprehensive isotope database for pollution sources， to enhance the accuracy and reliability of CSIA technology. In summary， CSIA technology plays a pivotal role in pollutant source apportionment. It not only provides a scientific basis for decision-making in pollution control but also effectively promotes the development of pollution control strategies towards a more refined and precise direction.
2025,
43(7):
159-166.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507017
Abstract:
The heterogeneity of subsurface media profoundly influences solute transport processes， posing a critical challenge in groundwater pollution control and sustainable water resource management. Subsurface heterogeneity manifests through features such as preferential flow paths， matrix diffusion， and stagnant zones， all of which contribute to non-uniform transport behavior. These complexities challenge traditional single-porosity models， which assume homogeneous properties and uniform transport， often leading to inaccurate predictions of solute migration. Recognizing these limitations， this study develops and applies a dual-permeability model （DPM） and an improved dual-permeability model （DPMIM） to enhance the understanding and simulation of solute transport in heterogeneous conditions.The DPM divides the subsurface into two domains： fractures， which serve as primary conduits for rapid flow， and the matrix， where slower transport is dominated by diffusion and retention processes. This dual-domain approach captures the interplay between fast and slow flow regimes， providing a more accurate representation of solute transport in fractured and heterogeneous media. Building upon this foundation， the DPMIM incorporates matrix dead zones，stagnant or low-permeability regions within the matrix that can temporarily trap solutes. These dead zones are critical for simulating prolonged solute retention， delayed release， and extended concentration tailing， all of which are observed in real-world systems but poorly represented in traditional models.Field-scale injection-withdrawal tracer tests were conducted in a heterogeneous subsurface environment to validate the models. These tests generated detailed datasets of solute transport dynamics， which were used to compare the performance of the DPM， DPMIM， and conventional single-porosity models. The results revealed that both the DPM and DPMIM significantly outperformed single-porosity models， with the DPMIM achieving the highest accuracy in simulating observed transport behaviors. Notably， the DPMIM effectively captured the extended decay of solute concentrations，a phenomenon driven by matrix dead zone effects，which is essential for understanding long-term solute retention and release in heterogeneous systems.Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of key model parameters， including the permeability ratio between fracture and matrix， the fracture domain volume fraction， and the exchange coefficient governing mass transfer between the two domains. These analyses highlight the critical role of parameter calibration in ensuring model reliability and propose strategies for optimizing model performance in large-scale applications.By integrating theoretical advancements with field validation， this study establishes a comprehensive framework for understanding solute transport in complex geological systems. The findings offer valuable insights for designing effective groundwater pollution control strategies and inform the development of sustainable water resource management practices in the face of increasing environmental pressures. Furthermore， the dual-permeability modeling approach established in this study lays the groundwork for future research on solute transport in other heterogeneous systems， such as karst aquifers， fractured rock formations， and urban groundwater basins.
The heterogeneity of subsurface media profoundly influences solute transport processes， posing a critical challenge in groundwater pollution control and sustainable water resource management. Subsurface heterogeneity manifests through features such as preferential flow paths， matrix diffusion， and stagnant zones， all of which contribute to non-uniform transport behavior. These complexities challenge traditional single-porosity models， which assume homogeneous properties and uniform transport， often leading to inaccurate predictions of solute migration. Recognizing these limitations， this study develops and applies a dual-permeability model （DPM） and an improved dual-permeability model （DPMIM） to enhance the understanding and simulation of solute transport in heterogeneous conditions.The DPM divides the subsurface into two domains： fractures， which serve as primary conduits for rapid flow， and the matrix， where slower transport is dominated by diffusion and retention processes. This dual-domain approach captures the interplay between fast and slow flow regimes， providing a more accurate representation of solute transport in fractured and heterogeneous media. Building upon this foundation， the DPMIM incorporates matrix dead zones，stagnant or low-permeability regions within the matrix that can temporarily trap solutes. These dead zones are critical for simulating prolonged solute retention， delayed release， and extended concentration tailing， all of which are observed in real-world systems but poorly represented in traditional models.Field-scale injection-withdrawal tracer tests were conducted in a heterogeneous subsurface environment to validate the models. These tests generated detailed datasets of solute transport dynamics， which were used to compare the performance of the DPM， DPMIM， and conventional single-porosity models. The results revealed that both the DPM and DPMIM significantly outperformed single-porosity models， with the DPMIM achieving the highest accuracy in simulating observed transport behaviors. Notably， the DPMIM effectively captured the extended decay of solute concentrations，a phenomenon driven by matrix dead zone effects，which is essential for understanding long-term solute retention and release in heterogeneous systems.Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of key model parameters， including the permeability ratio between fracture and matrix， the fracture domain volume fraction， and the exchange coefficient governing mass transfer between the two domains. These analyses highlight the critical role of parameter calibration in ensuring model reliability and propose strategies for optimizing model performance in large-scale applications.By integrating theoretical advancements with field validation， this study establishes a comprehensive framework for understanding solute transport in complex geological systems. The findings offer valuable insights for designing effective groundwater pollution control strategies and inform the development of sustainable water resource management practices in the face of increasing environmental pressures. Furthermore， the dual-permeability modeling approach established in this study lays the groundwork for future research on solute transport in other heterogeneous systems， such as karst aquifers， fractured rock formations， and urban groundwater basins.
2025,
43(7):
167-175.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507018
Abstract:
Aiken Spring （AKS） is the deepest fresh water spring in the western reaches of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The water body is rich in a variety of toxic heavy metals， but community structure of the bacteria and archaea involved is still unclear. To explore the diversity of bacteria and archaea in spring water， the differences in community composition， and the relationship between dominant genera and environmental factors， as well as to identify the available potential bacterial species， the bacterial V3 to V4 region and the archaeal V3 to V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene from AKS were sequenced using the high-throughput Illumina platform. According to a 97% similarity level， operational taxonomic units （OTUs） were screened and analyzed based on the phylum， class， and genus levels. Multivariate direct gradient regression was used to analyze the correlation among samples， dominant species， and environmental factors. A total of 19 phyla， 32 classes， 195 genera （491 OTUs） of bacteria， and 6 phyla， 8 classes， 56 genera （787 OTUs） of archaea were identified. The dominant bacterial genera were Roseovarius （8.59% to 26.84%）， Pseudorhodobacter （1.22% to 22.94%）， and Rehaibacterium （0.19% to 7.28%）. The dominant archaeal genera were Halolamina （6.29% to 21.17%）， Halohasta （10.93% to 15.89%）， and Halobaculum （7.69% to 11.82%）. The dominant bacterial genera Novosphingobium， Rehaibacterium， and Geminocystis were positively correlated with environment factors including total phosphorus， SO42-， Mg2+， pH，and temperature. The dominant genera Rhodoferax， Porphyrobacter， Methylotenera， and Rubrimonas were significantly positively correlated with Na+， Ca2+， Cl-， and total basicity. The Shannon diversity index （2.10 to 3.43） of bacteria in AKS was significantly higher than that of archaea （2.14 to 2.52）. Compared with other freshwater springs， the dominant populations of AKS show obvious differences and are greatly affected by environmental factors such as temperature， pH， SO42-， and Mg2+， which provides an important theoretical reference for the subsequent development and utilization of microbial resources in the spring.
Aiken Spring （AKS） is the deepest fresh water spring in the western reaches of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The water body is rich in a variety of toxic heavy metals， but community structure of the bacteria and archaea involved is still unclear. To explore the diversity of bacteria and archaea in spring water， the differences in community composition， and the relationship between dominant genera and environmental factors， as well as to identify the available potential bacterial species， the bacterial V3 to V4 region and the archaeal V3 to V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene from AKS were sequenced using the high-throughput Illumina platform. According to a 97% similarity level， operational taxonomic units （OTUs） were screened and analyzed based on the phylum， class， and genus levels. Multivariate direct gradient regression was used to analyze the correlation among samples， dominant species， and environmental factors. A total of 19 phyla， 32 classes， 195 genera （491 OTUs） of bacteria， and 6 phyla， 8 classes， 56 genera （787 OTUs） of archaea were identified. The dominant bacterial genera were Roseovarius （8.59% to 26.84%）， Pseudorhodobacter （1.22% to 22.94%）， and Rehaibacterium （0.19% to 7.28%）. The dominant archaeal genera were Halolamina （6.29% to 21.17%）， Halohasta （10.93% to 15.89%）， and Halobaculum （7.69% to 11.82%）. The dominant bacterial genera Novosphingobium， Rehaibacterium， and Geminocystis were positively correlated with environment factors including total phosphorus， SO42-， Mg2+， pH，and temperature. The dominant genera Rhodoferax， Porphyrobacter， Methylotenera， and Rubrimonas were significantly positively correlated with Na+， Ca2+， Cl-， and total basicity. The Shannon diversity index （2.10 to 3.43） of bacteria in AKS was significantly higher than that of archaea （2.14 to 2.52）. Compared with other freshwater springs， the dominant populations of AKS show obvious differences and are greatly affected by environmental factors such as temperature， pH， SO42-， and Mg2+， which provides an important theoretical reference for the subsequent development and utilization of microbial resources in the spring.
2025,
43(7):
176-183.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507019
Abstract:
To achieve high-value utilization of distiller's grains waste by producing lactic acid through biological fermentation during the brewing process， this study investigated the proliferation and acid production capacity of the employed lactic acid bacteria at different temperatures. It compared the effects of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation （SSF） versus separate hydrolysis and fermentation （SHF） on lactic acid production under varying temperature conditions， and optimized the SSF working parameters. Results showed that Lactobacillus casei exhibited delayed growth at 50 ℃ compared to 35 ℃， but its lactic acid production surged after 48 hours of cultivation， approaching the levels observed under 35 ℃. Compared to SHF， SSF at 50 ℃ yielded 10.1% higher lactic acid output， reduced fermentation time by 72 hours， and shortened the period for lactic acid bacteria to dominate the microbial community （approaching total bacterial counts） by 48 hours. When SSF was conducted with pH adjusted to 6.0， at a 24-hour interval using ammonia water and Lactobacillus casei inoculation at 2.1% （by weight ratio）， 1 gram of fresh distiller's grains yielded 98 mg of lactic acid. This study demonstrates the feasibility of SSF for lactic acid production from distiller's grains at elevated temperatures （50 ℃）， possessing advantages such as higher fermentation efficiency， simplified operational processes， reduced equipment investment， and lower production costs. These findings provide novel insights and technical support for the circular utilization of distiller's grains resources.
To achieve high-value utilization of distiller's grains waste by producing lactic acid through biological fermentation during the brewing process， this study investigated the proliferation and acid production capacity of the employed lactic acid bacteria at different temperatures. It compared the effects of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation （SSF） versus separate hydrolysis and fermentation （SHF） on lactic acid production under varying temperature conditions， and optimized the SSF working parameters. Results showed that Lactobacillus casei exhibited delayed growth at 50 ℃ compared to 35 ℃， but its lactic acid production surged after 48 hours of cultivation， approaching the levels observed under 35 ℃. Compared to SHF， SSF at 50 ℃ yielded 10.1% higher lactic acid output， reduced fermentation time by 72 hours， and shortened the period for lactic acid bacteria to dominate the microbial community （approaching total bacterial counts） by 48 hours. When SSF was conducted with pH adjusted to 6.0， at a 24-hour interval using ammonia water and Lactobacillus casei inoculation at 2.1% （by weight ratio）， 1 gram of fresh distiller's grains yielded 98 mg of lactic acid. This study demonstrates the feasibility of SSF for lactic acid production from distiller's grains at elevated temperatures （50 ℃）， possessing advantages such as higher fermentation efficiency， simplified operational processes， reduced equipment investment， and lower production costs. These findings provide novel insights and technical support for the circular utilization of distiller's grains resources.
2025,
43(7):
184-192.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507020
Abstract:
Pyrolysis of industrial waste salt is a promising technology for resource recovery， offering high-value salt products and effective waste reuse approaches. This study focused on the waste salt produced during the production of ethylene carbonate （VC） electrolyte for lithium batteries， examining its thermal treatment characteristics and the impact of catalytic pyrolysis on the removal of organic compounds. The results indicated that NaCl accounted for 79.0% of the waste salt’s mass fraction， with a total organic carbon （TOC） content of 38360 mg/kg. The organic composition primarily consisted of trimethylsilyl esters and cyclic siloxanes. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that both the combustion and pyrolysis processes of waste salt exhibited similar reaction stages： moisture removal （<130 ℃）， removal of low-boiling organic compounds （130 to 245 ℃）， removal of high-boiling organic compounds （260 to 470 ℃）， char combustion or pyrolysis （470 to 660 ℃）， and waste salt melting （>660 ℃）. The addition of CaO for catalytic pyrolysis facilitated the reduction of organic matter volatilization temperature， promoting the decomposition of organic compounds. The optimized conditions for catalytic pyrolysis in a tube furnace fixed-bed reactor were determined as follows： a CaO-to-waste salt mass ratio of 1∶3， a pyrolysis temperature of 600 ℃， and a residence time of 20 min. Through a process involving pyrolysis， screening， dissolution， filtration， chemical precipitation， and evaporation crystallization， regenerated salt was prepared. The crystalline salt had a NaCl content of 97.0%， a TOC content of 47 mg/kg， and an organic removal rate of 99.87% was achieved. This method provides a reference for the resource recovery of industrial waste salt.
Pyrolysis of industrial waste salt is a promising technology for resource recovery， offering high-value salt products and effective waste reuse approaches. This study focused on the waste salt produced during the production of ethylene carbonate （VC） electrolyte for lithium batteries， examining its thermal treatment characteristics and the impact of catalytic pyrolysis on the removal of organic compounds. The results indicated that NaCl accounted for 79.0% of the waste salt’s mass fraction， with a total organic carbon （TOC） content of 38360 mg/kg. The organic composition primarily consisted of trimethylsilyl esters and cyclic siloxanes. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that both the combustion and pyrolysis processes of waste salt exhibited similar reaction stages： moisture removal （<130 ℃）， removal of low-boiling organic compounds （130 to 245 ℃）， removal of high-boiling organic compounds （260 to 470 ℃）， char combustion or pyrolysis （470 to 660 ℃）， and waste salt melting （>660 ℃）. The addition of CaO for catalytic pyrolysis facilitated the reduction of organic matter volatilization temperature， promoting the decomposition of organic compounds. The optimized conditions for catalytic pyrolysis in a tube furnace fixed-bed reactor were determined as follows： a CaO-to-waste salt mass ratio of 1∶3， a pyrolysis temperature of 600 ℃， and a residence time of 20 min. Through a process involving pyrolysis， screening， dissolution， filtration， chemical precipitation， and evaporation crystallization， regenerated salt was prepared. The crystalline salt had a NaCl content of 97.0%， a TOC content of 47 mg/kg， and an organic removal rate of 99.87% was achieved. This method provides a reference for the resource recovery of industrial waste salt.
2025,
43(7):
193-201.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507021
Abstract:
A comprehensive identification methodology integrating "engineering traceability， morphological analysis， and dynamic testing" has been established to identify the hazardous characteristics of electrolytic manganese anode slime. The scientific and effective identification of solid waste properties of electrolytic manganese anode slime was obtained from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. The identification results showed that electrolytic manganese anode slime did not have any hazardous characteristics such as infectivity， corrosivity， ignitability， reactivity， acute toxicity， extraction toxicity， toxic substance content， etc. The conclusion can provide a reference for the determination of solid waste properties of electrolytic manganese anode slime. It can also be used as a basis for its environmental management and resource utilization. The identification method established in this paper is feasible and can provide a reference for the identification of hazardous characteristics of other solid waste.
A comprehensive identification methodology integrating "engineering traceability， morphological analysis， and dynamic testing" has been established to identify the hazardous characteristics of electrolytic manganese anode slime. The scientific and effective identification of solid waste properties of electrolytic manganese anode slime was obtained from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. The identification results showed that electrolytic manganese anode slime did not have any hazardous characteristics such as infectivity， corrosivity， ignitability， reactivity， acute toxicity， extraction toxicity， toxic substance content， etc. The conclusion can provide a reference for the determination of solid waste properties of electrolytic manganese anode slime. It can also be used as a basis for its environmental management and resource utilization. The identification method established in this paper is feasible and can provide a reference for the identification of hazardous characteristics of other solid waste.
2025,
43(7):
202-209.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507022
Abstract:
Electrolytic manganese residue （EMR） is a kind of acidic solid waste which generated from filtration process in the manganese electrolysis industry. It contains a large quantity of harmful substances including heavy metals， and exhibits also high acidity. Inappropriate storage of EMR may cause serious environmental pollution. Proper disposal of EMR has become a critical constraint on development of manganese electrolysis industry. EMR contains a large amount of SiO2， making it suitable as a raw material for producing EMR-based porous ceramics and other building materials， thereby enabling harmless and resource-efficient treatment. This could be a promising technical route to achieve bulk utilization of EMR. In this study， EMR was used as the ceramic aggregate， and kaolin was used as the binder to produce ceramics. The performance of two types of pore-forming agents， starch and dolomite， which have different pore-forming mechanisms was investigated. The porosity， water absorption， bulk density， compressive strength， and heavy metal adsorption capacity of EMR-based ceramics prepared with different binders were compared. Furthermore， the optimal process parameters for producing EMR-based porous ceramics were systematically discussed. The results showed that the EMR-based porous ceramics prepared with a composite pore-forming agent（doped with 15% dolomite and 15% starch） exhibited both high porosity and high compressive strength. These ceramics can be used as building materials or heavy metal adsorbents. The research findings provide valuable insights for developing high-performance EMR-based porous ceramic materials， thereby advancing the sustainable development of the electrolytic manganese industry.
Electrolytic manganese residue （EMR） is a kind of acidic solid waste which generated from filtration process in the manganese electrolysis industry. It contains a large quantity of harmful substances including heavy metals， and exhibits also high acidity. Inappropriate storage of EMR may cause serious environmental pollution. Proper disposal of EMR has become a critical constraint on development of manganese electrolysis industry. EMR contains a large amount of SiO2， making it suitable as a raw material for producing EMR-based porous ceramics and other building materials， thereby enabling harmless and resource-efficient treatment. This could be a promising technical route to achieve bulk utilization of EMR. In this study， EMR was used as the ceramic aggregate， and kaolin was used as the binder to produce ceramics. The performance of two types of pore-forming agents， starch and dolomite， which have different pore-forming mechanisms was investigated. The porosity， water absorption， bulk density， compressive strength， and heavy metal adsorption capacity of EMR-based ceramics prepared with different binders were compared. Furthermore， the optimal process parameters for producing EMR-based porous ceramics were systematically discussed. The results showed that the EMR-based porous ceramics prepared with a composite pore-forming agent（doped with 15% dolomite and 15% starch） exhibited both high porosity and high compressive strength. These ceramics can be used as building materials or heavy metal adsorbents. The research findings provide valuable insights for developing high-performance EMR-based porous ceramic materials， thereby advancing the sustainable development of the electrolytic manganese industry.
2025,
43(7):
210-219.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507023
Abstract:
Studying the driving factors of provincial carbon dioxide emissions and their urban heterogeneity is of great significance for the high-quality transformation of China’s inland provinces. Taking Jiangxi as an example， we analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution trend of its carbon dioxide and various cities from 2005 to 2020. Based on the LMDI model and the Tapio decoupling model， we identified the key driving factors of provincial carbon emissions changes， further analyzed the impact of heterogeneity in urban development on provincial carbon emissions， and conducted a deep analysis on the future development opportunities and potential of China’s inland ecological provinces. The research results indicate that： 1） economic development is the determining factor for the growth of carbon emissions in Jiangxi， and changes in energy intensity are the main driving factor for reducing carbon emissions in Jiangxi. 2） from 2005 to 2020， the economic development gradually separated from the changes in carbon emissions levels in Jiangxi. However， Jiangxi still maintained a "relative decoupling" state， and should further strive in the economic-emissions relationship. 3） there is strong heterogeneity in the decomposition results of carbon emissions driven by various cities in Jiangxi. Pingxiang City and Ji'an City have maintained high economic growth while having low carbon emission increments， and their experiences are worth learning from. This research has found that decomposing the driving factors of carbon emissions at the urban level can more accurately identify the key factors driving the changes in urban carbon emissions， providing a reference for management decisions.
Studying the driving factors of provincial carbon dioxide emissions and their urban heterogeneity is of great significance for the high-quality transformation of China’s inland provinces. Taking Jiangxi as an example， we analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution trend of its carbon dioxide and various cities from 2005 to 2020. Based on the LMDI model and the Tapio decoupling model， we identified the key driving factors of provincial carbon emissions changes， further analyzed the impact of heterogeneity in urban development on provincial carbon emissions， and conducted a deep analysis on the future development opportunities and potential of China’s inland ecological provinces. The research results indicate that： 1） economic development is the determining factor for the growth of carbon emissions in Jiangxi， and changes in energy intensity are the main driving factor for reducing carbon emissions in Jiangxi. 2） from 2005 to 2020， the economic development gradually separated from the changes in carbon emissions levels in Jiangxi. However， Jiangxi still maintained a "relative decoupling" state， and should further strive in the economic-emissions relationship. 3） there is strong heterogeneity in the decomposition results of carbon emissions driven by various cities in Jiangxi. Pingxiang City and Ji'an City have maintained high economic growth while having low carbon emission increments， and their experiences are worth learning from. This research has found that decomposing the driving factors of carbon emissions at the urban level can more accurately identify the key factors driving the changes in urban carbon emissions， providing a reference for management decisions.
2025,
43(7):
220-231.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507024
Abstract:
In present work， based on the H2-small-molecule in situ directing strategy， a series of ultra-low Pt0.2/M0.6 bimetallic supported （0.2% Pt， 0.6% M） CeO2-based catalysts ［（Pt0.2/M0.6@CeO2， M = Sn， Fe， Cu， Co， Zn， Ni］ were prepared by one-step hydrothermal synthesis approach and investigated for the CO2 oxidation of C3H8 to synthesis gas （propane dry reforming， PDR）. The effects of H2 pressure （0~1.5 MPa）， active metal composition， and ratio on the catalytic performance were systematically investigated. The optimal catalyst， Pt0.2/Ni0.6@CeO2-1H2 （1 MPa H2）， was selected， achieving efficient conversions of C3H8 （29.9%） and CO2 （73.9%） at 600 ℃， with a CO selectivity of 92.5%. XRD， nitrogen adsorption-desorption， ICP， TEM， H2-TPR， and XPS were further used to characterize the structure morphology and physicochemical properties of the catalysts. The results showed that the H2-small-molecule could effectively increase the number of oxygen vacancies in the CeO2 carrier， promote the surface dispersion of Pt and Ni， increase the number of active metal sites， and ultimately improve the related catalytic performance. In addition， there is a synergistic effect between the loaded metal Pt and Ni， where Pt enhances the interaction between Ni and the carrier， thereby improving the stability of Ni.
In present work， based on the H2-small-molecule in situ directing strategy， a series of ultra-low Pt0.2/M0.6 bimetallic supported （0.2% Pt， 0.6% M） CeO2-based catalysts ［（Pt0.2/M0.6@CeO2， M = Sn， Fe， Cu， Co， Zn， Ni］ were prepared by one-step hydrothermal synthesis approach and investigated for the CO2 oxidation of C3H8 to synthesis gas （propane dry reforming， PDR）. The effects of H2 pressure （0~1.5 MPa）， active metal composition， and ratio on the catalytic performance were systematically investigated. The optimal catalyst， Pt0.2/Ni0.6@CeO2-1H2 （1 MPa H2）， was selected， achieving efficient conversions of C3H8 （29.9%） and CO2 （73.9%） at 600 ℃， with a CO selectivity of 92.5%. XRD， nitrogen adsorption-desorption， ICP， TEM， H2-TPR， and XPS were further used to characterize the structure morphology and physicochemical properties of the catalysts. The results showed that the H2-small-molecule could effectively increase the number of oxygen vacancies in the CeO2 carrier， promote the surface dispersion of Pt and Ni， increase the number of active metal sites， and ultimately improve the related catalytic performance. In addition， there is a synergistic effect between the loaded metal Pt and Ni， where Pt enhances the interaction between Ni and the carrier， thereby improving the stability of Ni.
2025,
43(7):
232-241.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202507025
Abstract:
To investigate the degradation efficiency of chemically activated persulfate（PS） on various organic pollutants in soil， a Meta-analysis was conducted based on the data extracted from 46 global studies. The mechanisms of different activators were systematically compared， and their efficiency differences were evaluated. The effects of PS concentration and water-to-soil ratio on the activation performance were analyzed. The results showed that the application of various materials significantly increased the degradation efficiency of the PS system by an average of 1.80 times. The activation efficiency ranked as follows： iron-carbon composites > carbon materials， nano zero-valent iron， and iron-matrix composites > ferrous ions and iron minerals. Notably， when the iron-carbon composites activated PS， the degradation rate of pollutants was 2.51 times higher than that of PS alone. The degradation effects varied across different types of pollutants， especially for semi-volatile organic compounds and total petroleum hydrocarbons， which increased by an average of 2.13 and 2.79 times， respectively. The regression results showed that the activation efficiency was significantly positively correlated with the n-octanol-water partition coefficient （logKow） of the pollutants （P < 0.01）. The removal effect of organic pollutants with logKow value > 3.5 was the most significant， showing an average increase of 4.34 times. Regarding process parameters， optimal chemical activation occurred at PS concentrations below 250 mmol/L and water-to-soil ratios between 7.5 L/kg and 20 L/kg， whereas higher PS concentrations or lower water-to-soil ratios were less favorable for pollutant removal. Chemically activated PS exhibited a significant degradation effect on various soil-derived pollutants， with slightly better performance observed in artificially configured contaminated soils compared to in-situ contaminated soils. The research results provide a reference for understanding the restoration mechanism and optimizing the process conditions of chemically activated PS， thereby offering a scientific foundation and technical guidance for soil remediation efforts in actual sites.
To investigate the degradation efficiency of chemically activated persulfate（PS） on various organic pollutants in soil， a Meta-analysis was conducted based on the data extracted from 46 global studies. The mechanisms of different activators were systematically compared， and their efficiency differences were evaluated. The effects of PS concentration and water-to-soil ratio on the activation performance were analyzed. The results showed that the application of various materials significantly increased the degradation efficiency of the PS system by an average of 1.80 times. The activation efficiency ranked as follows： iron-carbon composites > carbon materials， nano zero-valent iron， and iron-matrix composites > ferrous ions and iron minerals. Notably， when the iron-carbon composites activated PS， the degradation rate of pollutants was 2.51 times higher than that of PS alone. The degradation effects varied across different types of pollutants， especially for semi-volatile organic compounds and total petroleum hydrocarbons， which increased by an average of 2.13 and 2.79 times， respectively. The regression results showed that the activation efficiency was significantly positively correlated with the n-octanol-water partition coefficient （logKow） of the pollutants （P < 0.01）. The removal effect of organic pollutants with logKow value > 3.5 was the most significant， showing an average increase of 4.34 times. Regarding process parameters， optimal chemical activation occurred at PS concentrations below 250 mmol/L and water-to-soil ratios between 7.5 L/kg and 20 L/kg， whereas higher PS concentrations or lower water-to-soil ratios were less favorable for pollutant removal. Chemically activated PS exhibited a significant degradation effect on various soil-derived pollutants， with slightly better performance observed in artificially configured contaminated soils compared to in-situ contaminated soils. The research results provide a reference for understanding the restoration mechanism and optimizing the process conditions of chemically activated PS， thereby offering a scientific foundation and technical guidance for soil remediation efforts in actual sites.
