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2026 Vol. 44, No. 10
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2026, 44(10): 1-9.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610001
Abstract:
Environmental self-purification is an inherent function of environmental systems for self-regulation and restoration. However， it has long remained a “popular yet vague” empirical concept， lacking a systematic theoretical framework and a clear pathway for engineering implementation. Based on a systematic investigation of environmental self-purification， this study advances the concept from "self-purification ratio" to "self-purification capacity" and defines it as the overall capacity of an environmental system to reduce or remove pollutants without causing ecological damage. At the theoretical level， we identify a fundamental issue in self-purification processes： pollutants may be removed while their ecological effects persist. Accordingly， we establish a kinetic formulation of self-purification capacity that integrates pollutant removal efficiency with ecological safety. At the methodological level， we develop a systematic framework for investigating self-purification capacity， encompassing evaluation indicators， data-mechanism fusion simulators， system restoration strategies， and intelligent regulation platforms. At the application level， we propose an engineering pathway that integrates physical， chemical， and biological driving forces by coupling natural purification with targeted human intervention. Our study demonstrates that restoring and enhancing the resilience of environmental self-purification capacity provides the scientific basis for a "pollutant discharge-self-purification balance" paradigm. This shift offers a core technological pathway for advancing environmental engineering from conventional end-of-pipe treatment toward ecologically intelligent governance.
Environmental self-purification is an inherent function of environmental systems for self-regulation and restoration. However， it has long remained a “popular yet vague” empirical concept， lacking a systematic theoretical framework and a clear pathway for engineering implementation. Based on a systematic investigation of environmental self-purification， this study advances the concept from "self-purification ratio" to "self-purification capacity" and defines it as the overall capacity of an environmental system to reduce or remove pollutants without causing ecological damage. At the theoretical level， we identify a fundamental issue in self-purification processes： pollutants may be removed while their ecological effects persist. Accordingly， we establish a kinetic formulation of self-purification capacity that integrates pollutant removal efficiency with ecological safety. At the methodological level， we develop a systematic framework for investigating self-purification capacity， encompassing evaluation indicators， data-mechanism fusion simulators， system restoration strategies， and intelligent regulation platforms. At the application level， we propose an engineering pathway that integrates physical， chemical， and biological driving forces by coupling natural purification with targeted human intervention. Our study demonstrates that restoring and enhancing the resilience of environmental self-purification capacity provides the scientific basis for a "pollutant discharge-self-purification balance" paradigm. This shift offers a core technological pathway for advancing environmental engineering from conventional end-of-pipe treatment toward ecologically intelligent governance.
2026, 44(10): 10-20.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610002
Abstract:
In this study， electrocoagulation （EC） was coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry （FT-ICR MS） to elucidate the removal efficiency and organic matter conversion mechanism of methanol-to-olefins （MTO） wastewater from two aspects： macroscopic water quality indicators and molecular structure evolution. Under the optimized conditions of current 2.5 A， electrode spacing 2.0 cm， and conductivity 2.3 mS/cm， the reduction rates of COD， oil content， and turbidity were 72.16%， 68.24%， and 98.36%， respectively. FT-ICR MS results showed that electrocoagulation significantly removed aromatic and condensed aromatic compounds with high carbon numbers and high double-bond equivalents， and shifted the molecular composition towards lower molecular weight， with increased O/C and H/C ratios. Van Krevelen （VK） and Kendrick mass defect analyses revealed that oxidation and dealkylation were the dominant reaction pathways， accompanied by decarboxylation， deamination， and desulfurization. The multi-pathway synergistic effects significantly enhanced the biodegradability of the MTO wastewater. This study provides a molecular-scale theoretical basis for the deep purification of coal chemical wastewater and verifies the applicability and advantages of FT-ICR MS in the analysis of complex wastewater treatment mechanisms.
In this study， electrocoagulation （EC） was coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry （FT-ICR MS） to elucidate the removal efficiency and organic matter conversion mechanism of methanol-to-olefins （MTO） wastewater from two aspects： macroscopic water quality indicators and molecular structure evolution. Under the optimized conditions of current 2.5 A， electrode spacing 2.0 cm， and conductivity 2.3 mS/cm， the reduction rates of COD， oil content， and turbidity were 72.16%， 68.24%， and 98.36%， respectively. FT-ICR MS results showed that electrocoagulation significantly removed aromatic and condensed aromatic compounds with high carbon numbers and high double-bond equivalents， and shifted the molecular composition towards lower molecular weight， with increased O/C and H/C ratios. Van Krevelen （VK） and Kendrick mass defect analyses revealed that oxidation and dealkylation were the dominant reaction pathways， accompanied by decarboxylation， deamination， and desulfurization. The multi-pathway synergistic effects significantly enhanced the biodegradability of the MTO wastewater. This study provides a molecular-scale theoretical basis for the deep purification of coal chemical wastewater and verifies the applicability and advantages of FT-ICR MS in the analysis of complex wastewater treatment mechanisms.
2026, 44(10): 21-29.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610003
Abstract:
Membrane distillation （MD） holds significant promise for resource recovery from high-salinity industrial wastewater. Traditional MD membranes rely on fluorinated compounds to construct low-surface-energy hydrophobic interfaces； however， their toxicity has led to increasingly strict restrictions on their use. Consequently， developing fluorine-free hydrophobic membrane materials has become an urgent need. In this study， silica aerogel/polyurethane （PU） composite nanofibrous membranes were fabricated by blend electrospinning process. The evolution of the microstructure and properties of the membranes was systematically investigated by regulating the addition ratios of silica aerogel and KH550 silane coupling agent. The results indicated that the incorporation of silica aerogel significantly enhanced the surface roughness of the fibers， endowing the composite membranes with superior hydrophobicity and thermal insulation， and achieving a water contact angle exceeding 140° and a thermal conductivity below 40 mW/（m·K）. Furthermore， KH550 formed a robust cross-linked network between the PU matrix and aerogel particles， enhancing their interfacial compatibility. With the optimal addition of 2% silica aerogel and 4% KH550， the tensile strength of the membrane reached a maximum of 7.5 MPa， representing a 15.4% improvement compared to the pristine PU membrane. In MD performance tests， the composite membrane exhibited water flux and salt rejection comparable to those of commercial ePTFE membranes， along with excellent resistance to salt crystallization and CaSO4 scaling. These findings can provide valuable insights for the preparation and application of fluorine-free hydrophobic membranes.
Membrane distillation （MD） holds significant promise for resource recovery from high-salinity industrial wastewater. Traditional MD membranes rely on fluorinated compounds to construct low-surface-energy hydrophobic interfaces； however， their toxicity has led to increasingly strict restrictions on their use. Consequently， developing fluorine-free hydrophobic membrane materials has become an urgent need. In this study， silica aerogel/polyurethane （PU） composite nanofibrous membranes were fabricated by blend electrospinning process. The evolution of the microstructure and properties of the membranes was systematically investigated by regulating the addition ratios of silica aerogel and KH550 silane coupling agent. The results indicated that the incorporation of silica aerogel significantly enhanced the surface roughness of the fibers， endowing the composite membranes with superior hydrophobicity and thermal insulation， and achieving a water contact angle exceeding 140° and a thermal conductivity below 40 mW/（m·K）. Furthermore， KH550 formed a robust cross-linked network between the PU matrix and aerogel particles， enhancing their interfacial compatibility. With the optimal addition of 2% silica aerogel and 4% KH550， the tensile strength of the membrane reached a maximum of 7.5 MPa， representing a 15.4% improvement compared to the pristine PU membrane. In MD performance tests， the composite membrane exhibited water flux and salt rejection comparable to those of commercial ePTFE membranes， along with excellent resistance to salt crystallization and CaSO4 scaling. These findings can provide valuable insights for the preparation and application of fluorine-free hydrophobic membranes.
2026, 44(10): 30-42.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610004
Abstract:
With the rapid growth in the scale of spent lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）， their safe and efficient recycling has become an urgent need. Prior to mechanical crushing， spent LIBs are typically discharged by brine immersion to dissipate residual charge and prevent short circuits and thermal runaway； however， the resulting brine-discharge wastewater remains poorly characterized， and differences in pollution profiles across cathode chemistries are unclear. Here， solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （SPE-GC-MS） non-targeted screening was used to compare semi-volatile organic compounds in brine-discharge wastewater from spent lithium iron phosphate （LFP-33140） and nickel-cobalt-manganese （NCM-18650） batteries. After NIST library matching （match factor ≥ 80%） and retention-index verification （within ±20）， 86 compounds were identified （56 in LFP， 44 in NCM， 14 shared）， revealing distinct pollution profiles. LFP wastewater was characterized by polyethers and carboxylic acid derivatives， short-chain trialkyl phosphates， and chlorinated carbonates， whereas NCM wastewater was dominated by dimethyl alkylphosphonate homologues （P—C bonded）， hindered-phenol antioxidants and their oxidation products， and long-chain fatty acids. These differences reflect the cathode chemistry， electrolyte formulation， and binder/auxiliary materials of each battery type. Alkylphosphonate homologues and hindered phenols are potential indicators for distinguishing the two wastewater types， providing baseline data for classified treatment and targeted pollutant control of LIB recycling wastewater.
With the rapid growth in the scale of spent lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）， their safe and efficient recycling has become an urgent need. Prior to mechanical crushing， spent LIBs are typically discharged by brine immersion to dissipate residual charge and prevent short circuits and thermal runaway； however， the resulting brine-discharge wastewater remains poorly characterized， and differences in pollution profiles across cathode chemistries are unclear. Here， solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （SPE-GC-MS） non-targeted screening was used to compare semi-volatile organic compounds in brine-discharge wastewater from spent lithium iron phosphate （LFP-33140） and nickel-cobalt-manganese （NCM-18650） batteries. After NIST library matching （match factor ≥ 80%） and retention-index verification （within ±20）， 86 compounds were identified （56 in LFP， 44 in NCM， 14 shared）， revealing distinct pollution profiles. LFP wastewater was characterized by polyethers and carboxylic acid derivatives， short-chain trialkyl phosphates， and chlorinated carbonates， whereas NCM wastewater was dominated by dimethyl alkylphosphonate homologues （P—C bonded）， hindered-phenol antioxidants and their oxidation products， and long-chain fatty acids. These differences reflect the cathode chemistry， electrolyte formulation， and binder/auxiliary materials of each battery type. Alkylphosphonate homologues and hindered phenols are potential indicators for distinguishing the two wastewater types， providing baseline data for classified treatment and targeted pollutant control of LIB recycling wastewater.
2026, 44(10): 43-56.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610005
Abstract:
Biochemical oxygen demand （BOD） and chemical oxygen demand （COD） are two fundamental comprehensive indicators widely used in water pollution control. However， their origins and intrinsic meanings， particularly the synergistic potential of their combined use to further reveal water quality， remain insufficiently explored. This review systematically traces the origins of BOD and COD and the evolution of their analytical methods， compares their applications in receiving-water protection and ecological assessment， effluent compliance assessment， engineering design， and process operation， and examines the water-quality information conveyed by combined metrics such as BOD5/CODCr and CODCr/BOD5， together with the limits of their interpretation. For the first time， this review elucidates the intrinsic meaning of CODCr-BOD5 and proposes methods for using paired CODCr and BOD5 measurements to estimate the amount of non-biodegradable organic matter in a water sample and waste activated sludge production in a biological treatment system.
Biochemical oxygen demand （BOD） and chemical oxygen demand （COD） are two fundamental comprehensive indicators widely used in water pollution control. However， their origins and intrinsic meanings， particularly the synergistic potential of their combined use to further reveal water quality， remain insufficiently explored. This review systematically traces the origins of BOD and COD and the evolution of their analytical methods， compares their applications in receiving-water protection and ecological assessment， effluent compliance assessment， engineering design， and process operation， and examines the water-quality information conveyed by combined metrics such as BOD5/CODCr and CODCr/BOD5， together with the limits of their interpretation. For the first time， this review elucidates the intrinsic meaning of CODCr-BOD5 and proposes methods for using paired CODCr and BOD5 measurements to estimate the amount of non-biodegradable organic matter in a water sample and waste activated sludge production in a biological treatment system.
2026, 44(10): 57-66.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610006
Abstract:
Electrochemical disinfection is highly adaptable to variations in water quality and flow rate， and offers considerable flexibility in reactor configuration and operation， making it a novel and promising green disinfection technology. However， for low-conductivity reclaimed water， the suitability of different electrode materials and the underlying mechanisms of virus inactivation remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the disinfection performance of four commercial porous electrode materials against the enveloped viral surrogate Phi6 and the non-enveloped viral surrogate T4. Carbon fiber felt （CFF） anodes achieved more than 6-log efficient inactivation for Phi6 and T4 at an applging voltage of 3 V and 4 V， respectively. At 6 V， CFF caused significant structural damage （>4 log） to both surrogates and reduced total nucleic acids by 0.9~2.3 log. CFF exhibited the strongest virus inactivation， structural damage， and genome removal， making it the optimal electrode material for electrochemical disinfection of low-conductivity reclaimed water. In addition， neither free chlorine species nor radical chlorine species （RaCS） generated at the anode alone achieved efficient virus inactivation. Instead， their synergistic action constituted the dominant electrode mechanism of electrochemical disinfection. Above all， our study demonstrated that electrochemical disinfection can effectively disinfect viruses in reclaimed water and is a technically feasible approach for controlling viral transmission risks.
Electrochemical disinfection is highly adaptable to variations in water quality and flow rate， and offers considerable flexibility in reactor configuration and operation， making it a novel and promising green disinfection technology. However， for low-conductivity reclaimed water， the suitability of different electrode materials and the underlying mechanisms of virus inactivation remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the disinfection performance of four commercial porous electrode materials against the enveloped viral surrogate Phi6 and the non-enveloped viral surrogate T4. Carbon fiber felt （CFF） anodes achieved more than 6-log efficient inactivation for Phi6 and T4 at an applging voltage of 3 V and 4 V， respectively. At 6 V， CFF caused significant structural damage （>4 log） to both surrogates and reduced total nucleic acids by 0.9~2.3 log. CFF exhibited the strongest virus inactivation， structural damage， and genome removal， making it the optimal electrode material for electrochemical disinfection of low-conductivity reclaimed water. In addition， neither free chlorine species nor radical chlorine species （RaCS） generated at the anode alone achieved efficient virus inactivation. Instead， their synergistic action constituted the dominant electrode mechanism of electrochemical disinfection. Above all， our study demonstrated that electrochemical disinfection can effectively disinfect viruses in reclaimed water and is a technically feasible approach for controlling viral transmission risks.
2026, 44(10): 67-73.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610007
Abstract:
Groundwater and certain industrial water sources commonly exhibit elevated hardness and excessive iron/manganese concentrations. In this study， an induced co-crystallization process was employed to address these water quality issues， and dynamic experiments were conducted in a chemical crystallization cyclic granulation fluidized bed. The effects of seed crystal type， static bed height， upflow velocity， and NaOH dosage on treatment efficiency were systematically investigated. The morphological and compositional changes of the seed crystals before and after the reaction were characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （SEM-EDS）， X-ray diffraction （XRD）， and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. The results indicated that calcite seed crystals achieved the optimal induced co-crystallization performance. The optimal parameters were determined as a static bed height of 70 cm， an upflow velocity of 35 m/h， and an NaOH dosage of 200 mg/L. Under these conditions， the removal efficiencies reached 69.40% for Ca2+， 64.50% for Fe2+， and 72.82% for Mn2+. Characterization results revealed that the initially smooth seed crystal surfaces became rough with substantial precipitate formation. EDS analysis detected significant iron enrichment on the crystal surfaces， while XRD and FTIR analysis further confirmed the presence of composite co-deposition layers containing Ca， Fe， and Mn， revealing a synergistic mechanism involving adsorption， co-precipitation， and heterogeneous nucleation. This study demonstrates that the induced co-crystallization process can serve as an efficient treatment technology， achieving simultaneous water softening and iron/manganese removal， thereby providing a theoretical basis and technical reference for treating groundwater with similarly complex water quality.
Groundwater and certain industrial water sources commonly exhibit elevated hardness and excessive iron/manganese concentrations. In this study， an induced co-crystallization process was employed to address these water quality issues， and dynamic experiments were conducted in a chemical crystallization cyclic granulation fluidized bed. The effects of seed crystal type， static bed height， upflow velocity， and NaOH dosage on treatment efficiency were systematically investigated. The morphological and compositional changes of the seed crystals before and after the reaction were characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （SEM-EDS）， X-ray diffraction （XRD）， and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. The results indicated that calcite seed crystals achieved the optimal induced co-crystallization performance. The optimal parameters were determined as a static bed height of 70 cm， an upflow velocity of 35 m/h， and an NaOH dosage of 200 mg/L. Under these conditions， the removal efficiencies reached 69.40% for Ca2+， 64.50% for Fe2+， and 72.82% for Mn2+. Characterization results revealed that the initially smooth seed crystal surfaces became rough with substantial precipitate formation. EDS analysis detected significant iron enrichment on the crystal surfaces， while XRD and FTIR analysis further confirmed the presence of composite co-deposition layers containing Ca， Fe， and Mn， revealing a synergistic mechanism involving adsorption， co-precipitation， and heterogeneous nucleation. This study demonstrates that the induced co-crystallization process can serve as an efficient treatment technology， achieving simultaneous water softening and iron/manganese removal， thereby providing a theoretical basis and technical reference for treating groundwater with similarly complex water quality.
2026, 44(10): 74-85.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610008
Abstract:
Accurate water quality prediction serves as a key step in facilitating the transformation of water environment management models from post-event response to proactive prevention. To address the nonlinear， non-stationary， and multi-scale characteristics of water quality time series and the challenges of accurate prediction， this study proposed a novel water quality prediction strategy that integrates signal decomposition with deep learning models. Based on water quality monitoring data collected from multiple state-controlled monitoring sections from January 2021 to December 2024， a CEEMDAN-TCN-LSTM water quality prediction model via Bayesian optimization was eatablished relying solely on routine water quality parameters. The model demonstrated excellent robustness and generalization performance across three dimensions， with average coefficients of determination （R2） of 0.93 for multi-indicator predictions， 0.96 for multi-site predictions， and 0.96 for multi-step predictions. The employed complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise （CEEMDAN） effectively extracted multi-scale information from the water quality sequences， reducing the prediction error of the hybrid neural network （TCN-LSTM） model by 68%. To address the surge in input variables caused by signal decomposition， this study introduced Sample Entropy （SampEn） alongside adaptive recombination rules； this approach successfully reduced the computational load by over 50% while keeping accuracy loss within a strictly defined acceptable range. Furthermore， Bayesian optimization （BO） improved the prediction accuracy and operational flexibility of the model. By breaking the black-box limitation of data-driven models， Shapley additive explanations （SHAP） analysis revealed significant differences in the importance ranking of feature variables across different components of the dissolved oxygen （DO） time series， and the contribution pattern of individual indicators also varied with scale， underscoring the necessity of incorporating multi-scale information to enhance the responsiveness of water quality prediction models to complex fluctuations. Grounded in the multi-scale characteristics of water quality time series， this study enriches the methodology of water quality prediction modeling， makes full use of existing water quality data resources from river section monitoring systems， and provides technical support for advancing intelligent water environment management.
Accurate water quality prediction serves as a key step in facilitating the transformation of water environment management models from post-event response to proactive prevention. To address the nonlinear， non-stationary， and multi-scale characteristics of water quality time series and the challenges of accurate prediction， this study proposed a novel water quality prediction strategy that integrates signal decomposition with deep learning models. Based on water quality monitoring data collected from multiple state-controlled monitoring sections from January 2021 to December 2024， a CEEMDAN-TCN-LSTM water quality prediction model via Bayesian optimization was eatablished relying solely on routine water quality parameters. The model demonstrated excellent robustness and generalization performance across three dimensions， with average coefficients of determination （R2） of 0.93 for multi-indicator predictions， 0.96 for multi-site predictions， and 0.96 for multi-step predictions. The employed complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise （CEEMDAN） effectively extracted multi-scale information from the water quality sequences， reducing the prediction error of the hybrid neural network （TCN-LSTM） model by 68%. To address the surge in input variables caused by signal decomposition， this study introduced Sample Entropy （SampEn） alongside adaptive recombination rules； this approach successfully reduced the computational load by over 50% while keeping accuracy loss within a strictly defined acceptable range. Furthermore， Bayesian optimization （BO） improved the prediction accuracy and operational flexibility of the model. By breaking the black-box limitation of data-driven models， Shapley additive explanations （SHAP） analysis revealed significant differences in the importance ranking of feature variables across different components of the dissolved oxygen （DO） time series， and the contribution pattern of individual indicators also varied with scale， underscoring the necessity of incorporating multi-scale information to enhance the responsiveness of water quality prediction models to complex fluctuations. Grounded in the multi-scale characteristics of water quality time series， this study enriches the methodology of water quality prediction modeling， makes full use of existing water quality data resources from river section monitoring systems， and provides technical support for advancing intelligent water environment management.
2026, 44(10): 86-96.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610009
Abstract:
Constructed wetlands are an important technological approach for regional reclaimed water recycling and reuse， offering advantages such as low carbon emissions and low economic costs while effectively removing antibiotics. However， the removal of antibiotics in constructed wetlands does not necessarily imply a corresponding reduction in ecological risks， as microbial transformation may generate transformation products with higher toxicity， which may pose secondary environmental risks. To address these concerns， this review systematically summarizes the major removal pathways of antibiotics in constructed wetlands， with particular emphasis on the typical microbial transformation pathways， product formation characteristics， and potential ecological risks of different antibiotic classes. It further analyzes in detail the regulatory effects of design and operational parameters， including dissolved oxygen， hydraulic retention time， temperature， substrate type， and wetland configuration， on antibiotic transformation. In addition， enhanced constructed wetland technologies for achieving the safe transformation of antibiotics are proposed， and future research directions are discussed， including the synergistic control of co-contamination involving antibiotic transformation products， the elucidation of antibiotic resistance selection mechanisms， and the development of comprehensive risk assessment frameworks.
Constructed wetlands are an important technological approach for regional reclaimed water recycling and reuse， offering advantages such as low carbon emissions and low economic costs while effectively removing antibiotics. However， the removal of antibiotics in constructed wetlands does not necessarily imply a corresponding reduction in ecological risks， as microbial transformation may generate transformation products with higher toxicity， which may pose secondary environmental risks. To address these concerns， this review systematically summarizes the major removal pathways of antibiotics in constructed wetlands， with particular emphasis on the typical microbial transformation pathways， product formation characteristics， and potential ecological risks of different antibiotic classes. It further analyzes in detail the regulatory effects of design and operational parameters， including dissolved oxygen， hydraulic retention time， temperature， substrate type， and wetland configuration， on antibiotic transformation. In addition， enhanced constructed wetland technologies for achieving the safe transformation of antibiotics are proposed， and future research directions are discussed， including the synergistic control of co-contamination involving antibiotic transformation products， the elucidation of antibiotic resistance selection mechanisms， and the development of comprehensive risk assessment frameworks.
2026, 44(10): 97-107.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610010
Abstract:
At present， the situation of cyanobacterial blooms in China remains severe. Meanwhile， the utilization of traditional fossil-based carbon sources increases both the operating cost and the carbon emission burden of wastewater treatment processes. Focusing on the resource utilization of cyanobacteria， this study employed a novel cyanobacteria-based composite biomass carbon source （i.e.， cyanobacteria-based composite carbon source） and systematically analyzed its application performance in nitrogen and phosphorus removal by activated sludge， as well as its potential for carbon emission reduction. The results showed that， compared with the activated sludge acclimated with a conventional sodium acetate carbon source， the activated sludge acclimated with the cyanobacteria-based composite carbon source exhibited excellent nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency， and the absolute value of the Zeta potential was maintained at a lower level （up to 3.8 mV）. The sludge floc structure was more compact and stable. The addition of the cyanobacteria-based composite carbon source significantly altered the microbial community structure of the sludge and promoted the enrichment of functional genera （e.g.， Saccharimonadales， Defluviicoccus， Nakamurella）， thereby facilitating the synergistic metabolism of organic matter and nutrients （nitrogen and phosphorus）. The flocculation and sedimentation performance of the sludge was also enhanced， and the stability of the microbial community structure was strengthened. The carbon emission accounting indicated that， compared with sodium acetate， the cyanobacteria-based composite carbon source could reduce the carbon emissions by approximately 77%. This study provides a practical technical solution and a scientific basis for advancing the control of cyanobacterial blooms and the low-carbon operation of wastewater treatment plants.
At present， the situation of cyanobacterial blooms in China remains severe. Meanwhile， the utilization of traditional fossil-based carbon sources increases both the operating cost and the carbon emission burden of wastewater treatment processes. Focusing on the resource utilization of cyanobacteria， this study employed a novel cyanobacteria-based composite biomass carbon source （i.e.， cyanobacteria-based composite carbon source） and systematically analyzed its application performance in nitrogen and phosphorus removal by activated sludge， as well as its potential for carbon emission reduction. The results showed that， compared with the activated sludge acclimated with a conventional sodium acetate carbon source， the activated sludge acclimated with the cyanobacteria-based composite carbon source exhibited excellent nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency， and the absolute value of the Zeta potential was maintained at a lower level （up to 3.8 mV）. The sludge floc structure was more compact and stable. The addition of the cyanobacteria-based composite carbon source significantly altered the microbial community structure of the sludge and promoted the enrichment of functional genera （e.g.， Saccharimonadales， Defluviicoccus， Nakamurella）， thereby facilitating the synergistic metabolism of organic matter and nutrients （nitrogen and phosphorus）. The flocculation and sedimentation performance of the sludge was also enhanced， and the stability of the microbial community structure was strengthened. The carbon emission accounting indicated that， compared with sodium acetate， the cyanobacteria-based composite carbon source could reduce the carbon emissions by approximately 77%. This study provides a practical technical solution and a scientific basis for advancing the control of cyanobacterial blooms and the low-carbon operation of wastewater treatment plants.
2026, 44(10): 108-115.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610011
Abstract:
Algal-derived odor problems in source water reservoirs have become increasingly prominent， severely impairing the sensory quality of drinking water. As an environmentally friendly solid oxidant， sodium percarbonate （SPC） shows considerable potential in algal inhibition and odor control. In this study， three typical odor-producing cyanobacterial species were selected to investigate the oxidative effects of SPC and determine its optimal dosage for algal inhibition and odor control. The results showed that the sensitivity of the three cyanobacteria to SPC followed an order of： Pseudanabaena cinerea > Microcystis aeruginosa > Anabaena. Under both monoculture and mixed-culture conditions， 3 mg/L SPC achieved effective removal of all three species within one day. Although intracellularly bound 2-methylisoborneol （2-MIB） and geosmin （GSM） were released， the dissolved odorants gradually volatilized. Moreover， neither algal density nor odor compounds concentrations increased during subsequent cultivation， indicating effective algal suppression and odor control. Meanwhile， H2O2 in the water was completely decomposed within one day， suggesting that SPC does not have persistent environmental impacts. Mixed algal culture enhanced antioxidant capacity， thereby weakening the inhibitory effect of low-concentration SPC （1.5 mg/L） on algal growth. Based on these findings， a dosage of 3 mg/L SPC is recommended for practical applications to achieve more stable and effective algal inhibition and odor control.
Algal-derived odor problems in source water reservoirs have become increasingly prominent， severely impairing the sensory quality of drinking water. As an environmentally friendly solid oxidant， sodium percarbonate （SPC） shows considerable potential in algal inhibition and odor control. In this study， three typical odor-producing cyanobacterial species were selected to investigate the oxidative effects of SPC and determine its optimal dosage for algal inhibition and odor control. The results showed that the sensitivity of the three cyanobacteria to SPC followed an order of： Pseudanabaena cinerea > Microcystis aeruginosa > Anabaena. Under both monoculture and mixed-culture conditions， 3 mg/L SPC achieved effective removal of all three species within one day. Although intracellularly bound 2-methylisoborneol （2-MIB） and geosmin （GSM） were released， the dissolved odorants gradually volatilized. Moreover， neither algal density nor odor compounds concentrations increased during subsequent cultivation， indicating effective algal suppression and odor control. Meanwhile， H2O2 in the water was completely decomposed within one day， suggesting that SPC does not have persistent environmental impacts. Mixed algal culture enhanced antioxidant capacity， thereby weakening the inhibitory effect of low-concentration SPC （1.5 mg/L） on algal growth. Based on these findings， a dosage of 3 mg/L SPC is recommended for practical applications to achieve more stable and effective algal inhibition and odor control.
2026, 44(10): 116-125.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610012
Abstract:
The treatment performance of three advanced oxidation processes （Fenton oxidation， electrochemical catalytic oxidation， and ozone catalytic oxidation） on the secondary effluent of a Jiang-flavor （Moutai-flavor） Baijiu wastewater treatment process was comparatively investigated， with a focus on the transformation patterns of nitrogen species. All three processes exhibited a certain capacity to degrade organic pollutants. Among them， ozone catalytic oxidation demonstrated the best comprehensive performance. Under the conditions of pH of 8 to 10， O3 concentration of 66 g/Nm3， a catalyst-to-wastewater volume ratio of （0.5 to 1）∶1， and a reaction time of 150 min， the removal efficiencies of COD and UV254 reached 89.50% and 96.08%， respectively. The B/C ratio of the wastewater increased from 0.1 below to 0.69， indicating a significant improvement in biodegradability. The three processes exhibited distinct nitrogen transformation pathways： ozone catalytic oxidation converted most of the refractory organic nitrogen into NH4+-N and NO3--N； Fenton oxidation and electrochemical catalytic oxidation mainly transformed organic nitrogen into NH4+-N， without further nitrification. Advanced oxidation processes converted refractory organic nitrogen into NH4+-N and NO3--N， providing a basis for the selection and implementation of a combined “chemical pre-oxidation + biological treatment” advanced treatment process. Component characterization showed that the secondary treated effluent was mainly composed of humic and fulvic acids， while also containing some lignin derivatives and nitrogen heterocyclic substances possibly derived from the Maillard reaction， all of which were significantly degraded by ozone catalytic oxidation.
The treatment performance of three advanced oxidation processes （Fenton oxidation， electrochemical catalytic oxidation， and ozone catalytic oxidation） on the secondary effluent of a Jiang-flavor （Moutai-flavor） Baijiu wastewater treatment process was comparatively investigated， with a focus on the transformation patterns of nitrogen species. All three processes exhibited a certain capacity to degrade organic pollutants. Among them， ozone catalytic oxidation demonstrated the best comprehensive performance. Under the conditions of pH of 8 to 10， O3 concentration of 66 g/Nm3， a catalyst-to-wastewater volume ratio of （0.5 to 1）∶1， and a reaction time of 150 min， the removal efficiencies of COD and UV254 reached 89.50% and 96.08%， respectively. The B/C ratio of the wastewater increased from 0.1 below to 0.69， indicating a significant improvement in biodegradability. The three processes exhibited distinct nitrogen transformation pathways： ozone catalytic oxidation converted most of the refractory organic nitrogen into NH4+-N and NO3--N； Fenton oxidation and electrochemical catalytic oxidation mainly transformed organic nitrogen into NH4+-N， without further nitrification. Advanced oxidation processes converted refractory organic nitrogen into NH4+-N and NO3--N， providing a basis for the selection and implementation of a combined “chemical pre-oxidation + biological treatment” advanced treatment process. Component characterization showed that the secondary treated effluent was mainly composed of humic and fulvic acids， while also containing some lignin derivatives and nitrogen heterocyclic substances possibly derived from the Maillard reaction， all of which were significantly degraded by ozone catalytic oxidation.
2026, 44(10): 126-132.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610013
Abstract:
To address the need for synergistic control of multiple pollutants and ultra-low emissions from glass furnace flue gas， this study developed an integrated purification process using H4150-type ceramic fiber catalytic filter tubes. A pilot-scale system was implemented at a flat glass factory in Henan Province. This study systematically investigated the relationship between filtration velocity and filtration resistance and evaluated the effects of operational parameters （reaction temperature， filtration velocity， and SO2 concentration） on the denitrification performance of the catalytic filter tubes. The results indicated that the integrated system operated stably and the operating pressure drop increased linearly with filtration velocity. At a filtration velocity of 0.8 m/min and a reaction temperature of 300 ℃， the operating pressure drop was 875 Pa， with NOx emission concentrations below 40 mg/Nm3 （denitrification efficiency ≥ 98%）. Additionally， the particulate matter emission concentration was less than 5 mg/Nm3， and ammonia slip was maintained below 8 mg/Nm3， demonstrating remarkable synergistic control of multiple pollutants. In particular， the system maintained stable catalytic activity after continuous operation， and even under severe conditions with an SO2 concentration as high as 1100 mg/Nm3， the denitrification efficiency of the catalytic tubes remained above 97%， exhibiting outstanding sulfur resistance. This process offers comprehensive advantages， including high purification efficiency， a small footprint， and low operating cost， providing critical technical support for upgrading existing glass furnace flue gas purification systems to achieve ultra-low emissions.
To address the need for synergistic control of multiple pollutants and ultra-low emissions from glass furnace flue gas， this study developed an integrated purification process using H4150-type ceramic fiber catalytic filter tubes. A pilot-scale system was implemented at a flat glass factory in Henan Province. This study systematically investigated the relationship between filtration velocity and filtration resistance and evaluated the effects of operational parameters （reaction temperature， filtration velocity， and SO2 concentration） on the denitrification performance of the catalytic filter tubes. The results indicated that the integrated system operated stably and the operating pressure drop increased linearly with filtration velocity. At a filtration velocity of 0.8 m/min and a reaction temperature of 300 ℃， the operating pressure drop was 875 Pa， with NOx emission concentrations below 40 mg/Nm3 （denitrification efficiency ≥ 98%）. Additionally， the particulate matter emission concentration was less than 5 mg/Nm3， and ammonia slip was maintained below 8 mg/Nm3， demonstrating remarkable synergistic control of multiple pollutants. In particular， the system maintained stable catalytic activity after continuous operation， and even under severe conditions with an SO2 concentration as high as 1100 mg/Nm3， the denitrification efficiency of the catalytic tubes remained above 97%， exhibiting outstanding sulfur resistance. This process offers comprehensive advantages， including high purification efficiency， a small footprint， and low operating cost， providing critical technical support for upgrading existing glass furnace flue gas purification systems to achieve ultra-low emissions.
2026, 44(10): 133-142.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610014
Abstract:
A series of MnxNi3-xAl-LDH precursors with various Mn∶Ni molar ratios were synthesized via a NaOH-Na2CO3 co-precipitation method， and the corresponding MnxNi3-xAlO oxides were obtained after calcination. The catalytic oxidation performances of these catalysts for single and mixed acetone-ethyl acetate systems were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the Mn2.5Ni0.5AlO catalyst exhibited the best activity， with T90 values of 197 ℃ for both acetone and ethyl acetate. In the mixed VOCs catalytic oxidation systems （acetone∶ethyl acetate = 1∶1，1∶2，2∶1，volume ratio）， the T90 remained within 206 to 208 ℃， demonstrating excellent resistance to component interference. XRD and XPS analyses revealed that the synergistic effect between Mn and Ni， as well as the high proportion of Mn3+ （69.18%） and surface adsorbed oxygen （37.59%） of Mn2.5Ni0.5AlO catalyst， facilitated oxygen vacancy formation and oxygen mobility， thereby enhancing catalytic activity. In situ FTIR spectra indicated that acetone and ethyl acetate were oxidized via enolate and acetate/formate intermediates to CO2 and H2O， following similar mechanisms in both single and mixed systems. This work highlights the superior performance and stability of MnNi-based LDH-derived oxides in mixed VOCs oxidation， providing valuable insights for the development of cost-effective and high-efficiency catalysts.
A series of MnxNi3-xAl-LDH precursors with various Mn∶Ni molar ratios were synthesized via a NaOH-Na2CO3 co-precipitation method， and the corresponding MnxNi3-xAlO oxides were obtained after calcination. The catalytic oxidation performances of these catalysts for single and mixed acetone-ethyl acetate systems were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the Mn2.5Ni0.5AlO catalyst exhibited the best activity， with T90 values of 197 ℃ for both acetone and ethyl acetate. In the mixed VOCs catalytic oxidation systems （acetone∶ethyl acetate = 1∶1，1∶2，2∶1，volume ratio）， the T90 remained within 206 to 208 ℃， demonstrating excellent resistance to component interference. XRD and XPS analyses revealed that the synergistic effect between Mn and Ni， as well as the high proportion of Mn3+ （69.18%） and surface adsorbed oxygen （37.59%） of Mn2.5Ni0.5AlO catalyst， facilitated oxygen vacancy formation and oxygen mobility， thereby enhancing catalytic activity. In situ FTIR spectra indicated that acetone and ethyl acetate were oxidized via enolate and acetate/formate intermediates to CO2 and H2O， following similar mechanisms in both single and mixed systems. This work highlights the superior performance and stability of MnNi-based LDH-derived oxides in mixed VOCs oxidation， providing valuable insights for the development of cost-effective and high-efficiency catalysts.
2026, 44(10): 143-154.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610015
Abstract:
To address the challenges associated with the synergistic removal of NOx and volatile organic compounds （VOCs） from industrial exhaust gases， including the mismatch between reaction requirements and the lack of multifunctional catalysts， a bifunctional Ni1Mn5AlO/ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by integrating NiMnAlO oxide with ZSM-5 zeolite. With CO as the reducing agent and ethyl acetate as a model VOC， the catalytic performance of the composite was evaluated in a coupled system integrating CO-SCR and VOCs catalytic oxidation. The results demonstrated that the Ni1Mn5AlO/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited superior NO reduction and ethyl acetate oxidation activities compared with pristine Ni1Mn5AlO and ZSM-5. By optimizing the Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5， the Ni1Mn5AlO/ZSM-5（Si/Al ratio=41.7） catalyst achieved the best overall catalytic performance， delivering an NO conversion rate of 71.6% at 350 ℃ and a T90 of 216 ℃ for ethyl acetate oxidation in a mixed atmosphere containing CO， NO， ethyl acetate， and O2. Characterization results indicated that the composite catalyst exhibited a microporous-mesoporous structure， and the number of acidic sites on the catalyst surface was significantly enhanced. Meanwhile， the ZSM-5 support regulated the electronic structure of Ni and Mn species， promoted the formation of Mn3+ active species， and optimized the balance between surface oxygen species and oxygen vacancies， thereby enhancing the redox capability of the catalyst. Kinetic analysis and in situ FTIR results indicated that CO acted as a reducing agent in the CO-SCR process to promote NO conversion while maintaining the surface redox cycle of the catalyst. Ethyl acetate was activated on acidi sites and subsequently oxidized through oxygen-containing intermediates， enabling the synergistic removal of NO and VOCs. This study provides new insights into the design of bifunctional catalysts for the simultaneous purification of multiple pollutants in complex industrial exhaust gases.
To address the challenges associated with the synergistic removal of NOx and volatile organic compounds （VOCs） from industrial exhaust gases， including the mismatch between reaction requirements and the lack of multifunctional catalysts， a bifunctional Ni1Mn5AlO/ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by integrating NiMnAlO oxide with ZSM-5 zeolite. With CO as the reducing agent and ethyl acetate as a model VOC， the catalytic performance of the composite was evaluated in a coupled system integrating CO-SCR and VOCs catalytic oxidation. The results demonstrated that the Ni1Mn5AlO/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited superior NO reduction and ethyl acetate oxidation activities compared with pristine Ni1Mn5AlO and ZSM-5. By optimizing the Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5， the Ni1Mn5AlO/ZSM-5（Si/Al ratio=41.7） catalyst achieved the best overall catalytic performance， delivering an NO conversion rate of 71.6% at 350 ℃ and a T90 of 216 ℃ for ethyl acetate oxidation in a mixed atmosphere containing CO， NO， ethyl acetate， and O2. Characterization results indicated that the composite catalyst exhibited a microporous-mesoporous structure， and the number of acidic sites on the catalyst surface was significantly enhanced. Meanwhile， the ZSM-5 support regulated the electronic structure of Ni and Mn species， promoted the formation of Mn3+ active species， and optimized the balance between surface oxygen species and oxygen vacancies， thereby enhancing the redox capability of the catalyst. Kinetic analysis and in situ FTIR results indicated that CO acted as a reducing agent in the CO-SCR process to promote NO conversion while maintaining the surface redox cycle of the catalyst. Ethyl acetate was activated on acidi sites and subsequently oxidized through oxygen-containing intermediates， enabling the synergistic removal of NO and VOCs. This study provides new insights into the design of bifunctional catalysts for the simultaneous purification of multiple pollutants in complex industrial exhaust gases.
2026, 44(10): 155-169.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610016
Abstract:
With the transition of wastewater treatment from conventional pollutant removal toward integrated pollution reduction， carbon mitigation， and resource recovery， the valorization of organic components in sewage sludge has attracted increasing attention. Sludge proteins are extensively embedded within extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） and microbial cells and constrained by hydrogen bonding， hydrophobic interactions， electrostatic interactions， metal-ion bridging， and humic-protein associations. These structural constraints result in strong dependence of protein release and subsequent transformation on sludge matrix characteristics. Existing studies have primarily focused on protein solubilization and recovery efficiency， whereas the hydrolysis degree， molecular-weight distribution， and formation of target peptides after protein release remain insufficiently understood. The spatial distribution and structural constraints of proteins in sludge EPS are first summarized， followed by a comparison of thermal， mechanical， chemical， and biological approaches for EPS disruption， protein migration， and hydrolysis. The selectivity of hydrolysis for heterogeneous sludge protein substrates， the product differences associated with endoproteolytic， exoproteolytic and non-enzymatic hydrolysis， and the effects of enzyme type， pH， temperature， reaction time and hydrolysis intensity on the accumulation of peptide products are further discussed. In addition， the evidence for protein-to-peptide conversion is evaluated at multiple levels， including colorimetric analysis， apparent degree of hydrolysis， molecular-weight fractionation， peptide-bound amino acids， native peptidomics and targeted mass spectrometry. Existing studies mainly demonstrate protein release， peptide-bond cleavage and the formation of low-molecular-weight components， whereas sequence-level identification and targeted quantification of native peptides remain limited. Finally， the direct applications of sludge peptide-enriched hydrolysates or low-molecular-weight peptide-enriched fractions in foaming materials， bio-based adhesives and sludge drying enhancement are summarized. A use-oriented framework integrating limited hydrolysis， multilevel characterization and product fractionation is proposed. Future research should combine metaproteomics， time-resolved peptidomics， in silico digestion and targeted quantification to establish a full-process evaluation system linking EPS structural regulation， peptide quality and end-use performance.
With the transition of wastewater treatment from conventional pollutant removal toward integrated pollution reduction， carbon mitigation， and resource recovery， the valorization of organic components in sewage sludge has attracted increasing attention. Sludge proteins are extensively embedded within extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） and microbial cells and constrained by hydrogen bonding， hydrophobic interactions， electrostatic interactions， metal-ion bridging， and humic-protein associations. These structural constraints result in strong dependence of protein release and subsequent transformation on sludge matrix characteristics. Existing studies have primarily focused on protein solubilization and recovery efficiency， whereas the hydrolysis degree， molecular-weight distribution， and formation of target peptides after protein release remain insufficiently understood. The spatial distribution and structural constraints of proteins in sludge EPS are first summarized， followed by a comparison of thermal， mechanical， chemical， and biological approaches for EPS disruption， protein migration， and hydrolysis. The selectivity of hydrolysis for heterogeneous sludge protein substrates， the product differences associated with endoproteolytic， exoproteolytic and non-enzymatic hydrolysis， and the effects of enzyme type， pH， temperature， reaction time and hydrolysis intensity on the accumulation of peptide products are further discussed. In addition， the evidence for protein-to-peptide conversion is evaluated at multiple levels， including colorimetric analysis， apparent degree of hydrolysis， molecular-weight fractionation， peptide-bound amino acids， native peptidomics and targeted mass spectrometry. Existing studies mainly demonstrate protein release， peptide-bond cleavage and the formation of low-molecular-weight components， whereas sequence-level identification and targeted quantification of native peptides remain limited. Finally， the direct applications of sludge peptide-enriched hydrolysates or low-molecular-weight peptide-enriched fractions in foaming materials， bio-based adhesives and sludge drying enhancement are summarized. A use-oriented framework integrating limited hydrolysis， multilevel characterization and product fractionation is proposed. Future research should combine metaproteomics， time-resolved peptidomics， in silico digestion and targeted quantification to establish a full-process evaluation system linking EPS structural regulation， peptide quality and end-use performance.
2026, 44(10): 170-180.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610017
Abstract:
Anaerobic digestion is a key common technology for achieving the reduction of pollution and carbon emission cooperating with the improvement of resource utilization. The syntrophic methanogenesis process is highly dependent on energy metabolism centered on electron-proton transfer. Direct interspecies electron transfer （DIET） represents the mainstream regulatory paradigm for interspecies energy transfer. However， regulatory modes focusing on sole electron transfer would induce electron-proton uncoupling， triggering extracellular microenvironment acidification and limiting the enhancement efficiency of methanogenesis. Extracellular proton-coupled electron transfer （PCET） conducts synchronous electron-proton transfer， which reduces the reaction activation barrier while maintaining the acid-base homeostasis of the extracellular microenvironment， offering a novel perspective for boosting the energy transfer efficiency during anaerobic syntrophic metabolism of methanogenesis. However， existing relevant reviews predominantly focus on DIET， whereas the mechanisms， enhancement pathways and characterization methods of extracellular PCET in the anaerobic systems of organic solid waste have not yet been systematically reviewed. Herein， we systematically elucidate the fundamental principles of extracellular PCET mediated by cell membranes and extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） in anaerobic systems. The enhancement pathways of PCET driven by in-situ physicochemical regulation and exogenous functional materials， as well as their corresponding methanogenic promotion effects， are clarified. By integrating isotope kinetics， electrochemistry， and in-situ spectroscopy， a multi-scale characterization framework for PCET is synthesized. Furthermore， current challenges and future research directions are discussed. This review provides a scientific basis for the engineering regulation of high-efficiency anaerobic methanogenesis from organic solid waste.
Anaerobic digestion is a key common technology for achieving the reduction of pollution and carbon emission cooperating with the improvement of resource utilization. The syntrophic methanogenesis process is highly dependent on energy metabolism centered on electron-proton transfer. Direct interspecies electron transfer （DIET） represents the mainstream regulatory paradigm for interspecies energy transfer. However， regulatory modes focusing on sole electron transfer would induce electron-proton uncoupling， triggering extracellular microenvironment acidification and limiting the enhancement efficiency of methanogenesis. Extracellular proton-coupled electron transfer （PCET） conducts synchronous electron-proton transfer， which reduces the reaction activation barrier while maintaining the acid-base homeostasis of the extracellular microenvironment， offering a novel perspective for boosting the energy transfer efficiency during anaerobic syntrophic metabolism of methanogenesis. However， existing relevant reviews predominantly focus on DIET， whereas the mechanisms， enhancement pathways and characterization methods of extracellular PCET in the anaerobic systems of organic solid waste have not yet been systematically reviewed. Herein， we systematically elucidate the fundamental principles of extracellular PCET mediated by cell membranes and extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） in anaerobic systems. The enhancement pathways of PCET driven by in-situ physicochemical regulation and exogenous functional materials， as well as their corresponding methanogenic promotion effects， are clarified. By integrating isotope kinetics， electrochemistry， and in-situ spectroscopy， a multi-scale characterization framework for PCET is synthesized. Furthermore， current challenges and future research directions are discussed. This review provides a scientific basis for the engineering regulation of high-efficiency anaerobic methanogenesis from organic solid waste.
2026, 44(10): 181-188.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610018
Abstract:
Improving gas products' quality is the bottleneck of the pyrolytic gasification of organic solid waste. In this study， an experimental method of composting pretreatment was proposed to increase hydrogen production and lower heating value （LHV） of the syngas. Firstly， the physical properties and chemical structures of corn stalks （CS）， sewage sludge （SS）， and their mixtures under different composting times （C0： 0 d， C1： 7 d， C2： 14 d， C3： 21 d， C4： 28 d， and C5： 35 d） were analyzed. Then， the hydrogen production and LHV of CS， SS， and their mixtures at different gasification temperatures （800， 900， and 1000 ℃） were measured. The characterization and physical property analysis of the compost showed that the lignin content of composted （C1 to C5） was higher than that of non-composted （C0）. At a gasification temperature of 900 ℃， compared with CS and C0， the H2 concentration in C1 （9.66%， volume ratio） increased by 2.14 and 4.53 percentage points， and the LHV of C1 （6.17 MJ/Nm3） increased by 0.60 MJ/Nm3 and 1.37 MJ/Nm3， respectively； there was no significant difference among treatment group C1 to C5. The gasification effect at 900 ℃ was better than that at 800 ℃ and 1000 ℃. This study proved that composting pretreatment effectively promoted the gasification of CS and SS， which provided a theoretical and practical reference for future applications.
Improving gas products' quality is the bottleneck of the pyrolytic gasification of organic solid waste. In this study， an experimental method of composting pretreatment was proposed to increase hydrogen production and lower heating value （LHV） of the syngas. Firstly， the physical properties and chemical structures of corn stalks （CS）， sewage sludge （SS）， and their mixtures under different composting times （C0： 0 d， C1： 7 d， C2： 14 d， C3： 21 d， C4： 28 d， and C5： 35 d） were analyzed. Then， the hydrogen production and LHV of CS， SS， and their mixtures at different gasification temperatures （800， 900， and 1000 ℃） were measured. The characterization and physical property analysis of the compost showed that the lignin content of composted （C1 to C5） was higher than that of non-composted （C0）. At a gasification temperature of 900 ℃， compared with CS and C0， the H2 concentration in C1 （9.66%， volume ratio） increased by 2.14 and 4.53 percentage points， and the LHV of C1 （6.17 MJ/Nm3） increased by 0.60 MJ/Nm3 and 1.37 MJ/Nm3， respectively； there was no significant difference among treatment group C1 to C5. The gasification effect at 900 ℃ was better than that at 800 ℃ and 1000 ℃. This study proved that composting pretreatment effectively promoted the gasification of CS and SS， which provided a theoretical and practical reference for future applications.
2026, 44(10): 189-199.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610019
Abstract:
To evaluate the performance of Taihu cyanobacterial biochar under reduced fertilization in the maize-growing black soils of Northeast China， a field trial was conducted with two treatments： conventional fertilization （CF） and CF with 10% less chemical fertilizer plus a one-time basal application of cyanobacterial biochar at 150 kg/mu （TC） （1 mu≈666.7 m2）. The biochar exhibited a poorly developed pore structure （BET surface area 0.2682 m2/g） but contained abundant N— and O—bearing functional groups （e.g.， amide， hydroxyl， and carbonyl）， suggesting that its effects are primarily governed by surface functional groups and mineral fractions that mediate interfacial chemical processes relevant to nutrient retention and transformation. Comparing to CF， TC partially alleviated soil acidification， increasing soil pH to 5.78， and simultaneously enhanced hydrolysable N （AN）， available K （AK）， and soil organic carbon （SOC） under the reduced-fertilizer regime. Rhizosphere microbial α-diversity did not differ significantly between treatments， whereas Bacteroidota and Paenibacillus were relatively enriched under TC. Untargeted metabolomics identified 65 differential metabolites； oligosaccharides and small peptides were upregulated， with significant enrichment of pathways including starch and sucrose metabolism. These improvements in bulk soil properties and rhizosphere functioning ultimately translated into the enhanced crop output. Comparing to CF ［（683±79） kg/mu］， TC increased grain yield to （832±101） kg/mu， by 21.7%， grain starch concentration rose from 65.5 g/100 g under CF to 67.9 g/100 g， and total amino acids increased by approximately 12.1%， with particularly pronounced gains in key amino acids such as glutamate and proline. Overall， cyanobacterial biochar， when coupled with a 10% reduction in chemical fertilizer， supported maize yield and quality by improving the soil nitrogen supply context and optimizing rhizosphere processes， providing field-based evidence for black-soil improvement and the agricultural valorization of cyanobacterial bloom biomass.
To evaluate the performance of Taihu cyanobacterial biochar under reduced fertilization in the maize-growing black soils of Northeast China， a field trial was conducted with two treatments： conventional fertilization （CF） and CF with 10% less chemical fertilizer plus a one-time basal application of cyanobacterial biochar at 150 kg/mu （TC） （1 mu≈666.7 m2）. The biochar exhibited a poorly developed pore structure （BET surface area 0.2682 m2/g） but contained abundant N— and O—bearing functional groups （e.g.， amide， hydroxyl， and carbonyl）， suggesting that its effects are primarily governed by surface functional groups and mineral fractions that mediate interfacial chemical processes relevant to nutrient retention and transformation. Comparing to CF， TC partially alleviated soil acidification， increasing soil pH to 5.78， and simultaneously enhanced hydrolysable N （AN）， available K （AK）， and soil organic carbon （SOC） under the reduced-fertilizer regime. Rhizosphere microbial α-diversity did not differ significantly between treatments， whereas Bacteroidota and Paenibacillus were relatively enriched under TC. Untargeted metabolomics identified 65 differential metabolites； oligosaccharides and small peptides were upregulated， with significant enrichment of pathways including starch and sucrose metabolism. These improvements in bulk soil properties and rhizosphere functioning ultimately translated into the enhanced crop output. Comparing to CF ［（683±79） kg/mu］， TC increased grain yield to （832±101） kg/mu， by 21.7%， grain starch concentration rose from 65.5 g/100 g under CF to 67.9 g/100 g， and total amino acids increased by approximately 12.1%， with particularly pronounced gains in key amino acids such as glutamate and proline. Overall， cyanobacterial biochar， when coupled with a 10% reduction in chemical fertilizer， supported maize yield and quality by improving the soil nitrogen supply context and optimizing rhizosphere processes， providing field-based evidence for black-soil improvement and the agricultural valorization of cyanobacterial bloom biomass.
2026, 44(10): 200-209.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610020
Abstract:
To address the limited environmental adaptability of functional strains during bioaugmentation of contaminated soil， this study investigated how combining indigenous functional strains with immobilization strategies affects their remediation performance in contaminated soil. Using single-cell Raman spectroscopy coupled with heavy-water （D2O） labeling， a highly active indigenous strain， Bacillus sp. L5， was isolated from PAH-contaminated soil. Strain L5 effectively degraded naphthalene， phenanthrene， and pyrene， and this degradation was accompanied by a marked decrease in organic carbon in the culture system. Under pure-culture conditions， the exogenous strain Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila 4-1 exhibited PAH degradation capacities comparable to those of L5， and was therefore used as a reference strain. Both strains were immobilized individually on activated carbon， chitosan， and sodium alginate， followed by soil microcosm experiments to compare PAH remediation performance across different strains and immobilization strategies. Immobilization improved PAH remediation by both strains to varying extents， with activated-carbon-immobilized L5 showing the greatest improvement. The half-lives of naphthalene， phenanthrene， and pyrene were shortened to 24.4%， 18.9%， and 27.8% of those values of free L5， and shortened to 23.8%，41.7%，and 23.3% of those values of the activated-carbon-immobilized strain 4-1， respectively. Microbial community analysis showed that the corresponding functional genera maintained relatively high abundances under immobilized conditions. In particular， the relative abundance of Bacillus declined more slowly in the activated-carbon-L5 treatment， consistent with its superior PAH remediation performance. Overall， under the strains and conditions examined here， combining the indigenous functional strain L5 with immobilization effectively enhanced PAH remediation. These findings demonstrate that integrating screening for indigenous functional strains with immobilization provides a feasible strategy for enhancing the bioaugmentation of PAH-contaminated soil.
To address the limited environmental adaptability of functional strains during bioaugmentation of contaminated soil， this study investigated how combining indigenous functional strains with immobilization strategies affects their remediation performance in contaminated soil. Using single-cell Raman spectroscopy coupled with heavy-water （D2O） labeling， a highly active indigenous strain， Bacillus sp. L5， was isolated from PAH-contaminated soil. Strain L5 effectively degraded naphthalene， phenanthrene， and pyrene， and this degradation was accompanied by a marked decrease in organic carbon in the culture system. Under pure-culture conditions， the exogenous strain Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila 4-1 exhibited PAH degradation capacities comparable to those of L5， and was therefore used as a reference strain. Both strains were immobilized individually on activated carbon， chitosan， and sodium alginate， followed by soil microcosm experiments to compare PAH remediation performance across different strains and immobilization strategies. Immobilization improved PAH remediation by both strains to varying extents， with activated-carbon-immobilized L5 showing the greatest improvement. The half-lives of naphthalene， phenanthrene， and pyrene were shortened to 24.4%， 18.9%， and 27.8% of those values of free L5， and shortened to 23.8%，41.7%，and 23.3% of those values of the activated-carbon-immobilized strain 4-1， respectively. Microbial community analysis showed that the corresponding functional genera maintained relatively high abundances under immobilized conditions. In particular， the relative abundance of Bacillus declined more slowly in the activated-carbon-L5 treatment， consistent with its superior PAH remediation performance. Overall， under the strains and conditions examined here， combining the indigenous functional strain L5 with immobilization effectively enhanced PAH remediation. These findings demonstrate that integrating screening for indigenous functional strains with immobilization provides a feasible strategy for enhancing the bioaugmentation of PAH-contaminated soil.
2026, 44(10): 210-222.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610021
Abstract:
The mining of pyrite and its associated ores （gold and lead-zinc deposits） continuously generates acid mine drainage （AMD） rich in sulfate and heavy metal ions， posing risks to surrounding soil-water environments and human health. This study systematically collected data on the concentrations of eight heavy metals （As， Cd， Cr， Cu， Hg， Ni， Pb， and Zn） in soils from pyrite， gold， and lead-zinc mining areas in China from 2013 to 2023， and analyzed their spatiotemporal distribution， ecological risks， and health risks. The results showed that the average concentrations of all heavy metals in these mining areas exceeded their corresponding provincial background values. Spatially， pyrite-related contamination was most severe in Central China， while gold and lead-zinc mining contamination was mainly concentrated in the northern and southern regions， respectively. According to the geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk assessment， Cd， As， Pb， and Hg were identified as the elements with the highest ecological risks. The health risk assessment indicated that hand-to-mouth ingestion was the primary exposure pathway， with children being more vulnerable. Considering the health risks， more attention should be given to the exposure of As in regions dominated by pyrite and its typical associated mineral areas （gold and lead-zinc deposits）.
The mining of pyrite and its associated ores （gold and lead-zinc deposits） continuously generates acid mine drainage （AMD） rich in sulfate and heavy metal ions， posing risks to surrounding soil-water environments and human health. This study systematically collected data on the concentrations of eight heavy metals （As， Cd， Cr， Cu， Hg， Ni， Pb， and Zn） in soils from pyrite， gold， and lead-zinc mining areas in China from 2013 to 2023， and analyzed their spatiotemporal distribution， ecological risks， and health risks. The results showed that the average concentrations of all heavy metals in these mining areas exceeded their corresponding provincial background values. Spatially， pyrite-related contamination was most severe in Central China， while gold and lead-zinc mining contamination was mainly concentrated in the northern and southern regions， respectively. According to the geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk assessment， Cd， As， Pb， and Hg were identified as the elements with the highest ecological risks. The health risk assessment indicated that hand-to-mouth ingestion was the primary exposure pathway， with children being more vulnerable. Considering the health risks， more attention should be given to the exposure of As in regions dominated by pyrite and its typical associated mineral areas （gold and lead-zinc deposits）.
2026, 44(10): 223-231.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610022
Abstract:
Focusing on three major community municipal infrastructures， heating， power supply， and drainage， this paper develops a low-carbon evaluation system and a refined accounting model tailored for the operation and maintenance phase. Initially， the study defines the "meso-scale" carbon accounting boundary based on actual service handover points， relies on systems engineering theory to construct a subsystem evaluation framework comprising 44 indicators， and scientifically determines the indicator weights utilizing a combination of expert consultation and the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. It proposes a three-dimensional classification evaluation mechanism based on indicator attributes， deeply coupling differentiated scoring methods， such as interpolation conversion， threshold grading， and compliance verification with carbon emission accounting. An empirical study of a typical community in North China demonstrates that the heating and power supply systems， accounting for over 80% of total carbon emissions， act as the core elements influencing the decarbonization potential. Reducing the heat loss rate of the heating network from 15% to 5% can effectively reduce absolute emissions， raising the heating system score to 78 points. Meanwhile， introducing a 20% distributed photovoltaic ratio propels the power supply system score to a higher level of 85 points. In contrast， the drainage system， despite its minor emission share， exhibits significant marginal scoring benefits. Simply shortening the septic tank cleaning cycle from 2 years to 0.5 years reduces the equivalent carbon intensity from 1.12 kg CO2-eq/m3 to 0.56 kg CO2-eq/m3， resulting in a step-wise score increase from 55 to 82. Consequently， this paper proposes that the low-carbon governance of existing communities should adopt a coordinated scheduling strategy of "heavy-asset loss reduction and capacity expansion alongside lightweight biochemical blocking"， thereby providing a practical evaluation benchmark for refined emission reduction in municipal engineering.
Focusing on three major community municipal infrastructures， heating， power supply， and drainage， this paper develops a low-carbon evaluation system and a refined accounting model tailored for the operation and maintenance phase. Initially， the study defines the "meso-scale" carbon accounting boundary based on actual service handover points， relies on systems engineering theory to construct a subsystem evaluation framework comprising 44 indicators， and scientifically determines the indicator weights utilizing a combination of expert consultation and the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. It proposes a three-dimensional classification evaluation mechanism based on indicator attributes， deeply coupling differentiated scoring methods， such as interpolation conversion， threshold grading， and compliance verification with carbon emission accounting. An empirical study of a typical community in North China demonstrates that the heating and power supply systems， accounting for over 80% of total carbon emissions， act as the core elements influencing the decarbonization potential. Reducing the heat loss rate of the heating network from 15% to 5% can effectively reduce absolute emissions， raising the heating system score to 78 points. Meanwhile， introducing a 20% distributed photovoltaic ratio propels the power supply system score to a higher level of 85 points. In contrast， the drainage system， despite its minor emission share， exhibits significant marginal scoring benefits. Simply shortening the septic tank cleaning cycle from 2 years to 0.5 years reduces the equivalent carbon intensity from 1.12 kg CO2-eq/m3 to 0.56 kg CO2-eq/m3， resulting in a step-wise score increase from 55 to 82. Consequently， this paper proposes that the low-carbon governance of existing communities should adopt a coordinated scheduling strategy of "heavy-asset loss reduction and capacity expansion alongside lightweight biochemical blocking"， thereby providing a practical evaluation benchmark for refined emission reduction in municipal engineering.
2026, 44(10): 232-240.
doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202610023
Abstract:
As a core infrastructure for national energy transportation， oil and gas pipelines are prone to cause various types of environmental pollution during their operational phase， including air， water， soil， and noise pollution. The pollution not only disrupts the ecological balance but also poses a serious threat to public health. This paper systematically analyzes the sources， characteristics， and environmental hazards of various types of pollution during the operational phase of oil and gas pipelines， focusing on the current status of air， water， soil， and noise pollution. It then summarizes anti-corrosion and leakage detection technologies， desulfurization and volatile organic compounds treatment technologies， physical-chemical-biological combined wastewater treatment technologies， solid waste resource utilization and harmless treatment technologies， as well as comprehensive noise control technologies. These findings show that， through the collaborative application of multiple pollution control technologies， the environmental protection work has achieved a strategic transformation from localized treatment to systematic management， and from passive response to proactive early warning， significantly enhanced the working efficiency. This paper further points out the future development of pipeline pollution control towards intelligent monitoring， green processes， and multi-disciplinary integration， providing theoretical and technical support for improving the environmental management level of oil and gas pipelines and promoting the green and sustainable development of the whole industry.
As a core infrastructure for national energy transportation， oil and gas pipelines are prone to cause various types of environmental pollution during their operational phase， including air， water， soil， and noise pollution. The pollution not only disrupts the ecological balance but also poses a serious threat to public health. This paper systematically analyzes the sources， characteristics， and environmental hazards of various types of pollution during the operational phase of oil and gas pipelines， focusing on the current status of air， water， soil， and noise pollution. It then summarizes anti-corrosion and leakage detection technologies， desulfurization and volatile organic compounds treatment technologies， physical-chemical-biological combined wastewater treatment technologies， solid waste resource utilization and harmless treatment technologies， as well as comprehensive noise control technologies. These findings show that， through the collaborative application of multiple pollution control technologies， the environmental protection work has achieved a strategic transformation from localized treatment to systematic management， and from passive response to proactive early warning， significantly enhanced the working efficiency. This paper further points out the future development of pipeline pollution control towards intelligent monitoring， green processes， and multi-disciplinary integration， providing theoretical and technical support for improving the environmental management level of oil and gas pipelines and promoting the green and sustainable development of the whole industry.
